JMdictDB - Entries

jmdict 1008490 Active (id: 2227724)

と [spec1]

1.

[prt,conj]
▶ if
▶ when

2.

[prt,conj]
▶ and

3.

[prt]
▶ with

Cross references:
	⇐ see: 2028950 とは 3. with

4.

[prt]
▶ used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)

Cross references:
	⇐ see: 2086960 って 1. you said; he said; she said; they said
	⇐ see: 2028950 とは 2. used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)

5.

[n] [abbr] {shogi}
▶ promoted pawn

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1922010 と金 1. promoted pawn

6.

[prt] Dialect: kyu
《at sentence end》
▶ indicates a question

History:

16.	A 2023-04-03 05:56:41 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I have switched the selected example for sense 3 to a different sentence. It will show up next week.
15.	A* 2023-03-31 10:42:25 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Yes, it probably should. I have raised it in the Tatoeba forum and we'll see what the NSJ people say.
14.	A* 2023-03-31 07:02:22
	Comments:	example sentence for number 3 should be 私はあなたとお話できてよかった or 私はあなたと話せてよかった
13.	A 2020-05-01 04:04:35 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
12.	A* 2020-05-01 00:02:53 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/9359
	Comments:	There's a good explanation in the link posted. ---- I think the "?" gloss is confusing. I thought someone had forgotten to write something in. While not ideal, the old way was better in my view.
	Diff:	@@ -21 +20,0 @@ -<pos>&conj;</pos> @@ -26,3 +25 @@ -<pos>&conj;</pos> -<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・1</xref> -<gloss g_type="expl">particle used for quoting (with speech, thoughts, etc.)</gloss> +<gloss>used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)</gloss> @@ -39 +36 @@ -<s_inf>at sentence end; indicates question</s_inf> +<s_inf>at sentence end</s_inf> @@ -41 +38 @@ -<gloss>?</gloss> +<gloss>indicates a question</gloss>
(show/hide 11 older log entries)
11.	A* 2020-04-30 14:42:09 Nicolas Maia
	Comments:	I recently bumped into the sentence そしてアクに単身挑み、一度は追い詰めたがアクの計略にはまり、アクの支配する未来世界へと飛ばされてしまう。 A Japanese person told me this と give it a poetic nuance. Does anyone have additional information on this?
10.	A 2018-03-20 00:31:52 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Let's go.
9.	A* 2018-03-01 17:26:20 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Is this OK?
	Diff:	@@ -39 +39 @@ -<s_inf>at sentence end</s_inf> +<s_inf>at sentence end; indicates question</s_inf> @@ -41 +41 @@ -<gloss>indicates question</gloss> +<gloss>?</gloss>
8.	A 2018-03-01 02:07:01 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -28,9 +27,0 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・1</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・2</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・3</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・4</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・5</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・6</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・7</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・8</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・9</xref>
7.	A 2018-03-01 02:05:56 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -28 +28,9 @@ -<xref type="see">って</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・2</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・3</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・4</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・5</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・6</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・7</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・8</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・9</xref>
6.	A* 2018-02-22 03:50:15 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -28,3 +28,2 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・1</xref> -<gloss>particle used for quoting (with speech, thoughts, etc.)</gloss> -<gloss>quoting particle</gloss> +<xref type="see">って</xref> +<gloss g_type="expl">particle used for quoting (with speech, thoughts, etc.)</gloss> @@ -40,0 +40 @@ +<s_inf>at sentence end</s_inf> @@ -42 +42 @@ -<gloss>indicates question (sentence end)</gloss> +<gloss>indicates question</gloss>
5.	A 2014-12-20 22:58:21 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -28 +27,0 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って・1</xref> @@ -34,0 +34 @@ +<field>&shogi;</field> @@ -36 +36 @@ -<gloss>promoted pawn (shogi)</gloss> +<gloss>promoted pawn</gloss>
4.	A 2012-07-19 20:43:12 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
3.	A* 2012-07-19 18:18:45 Scott
	Diff:	@@ -27,0 +27,1 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="2086960">って</xref> @@ -28,0 +29,1 @@ +<gloss>quoting particle</gloss>
2.	A 2012-05-01 02:05:28 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2012-04-30 12:35:17 Marcus
	Refs:	博多弁辞典
	Diff:	@@ -35,0 +35,5 @@ +<sense> +<pos>&prt;</pos> +<dial>&kyu;</dial> +<gloss>indicates question (sentence end)</gloss> +</sense>

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jmdict 1011580 Active (id: 1973826)

ペラペラ；ぺらぺら [ichi1]

1.

[adv,adv-to,adj-na] [on-mim]
▶ fluently (speaking a foreign language)

Cross references:
	⇐ see: 2544550 ぺらっと 2. fluently

2.

[adv,adv-to] [on-mim]
▶ incessantly (speaking)
▶ glibly
▶ garrulously
▶ volubly

Cross references:
	⇐ see: 2544550 ぺらっと 1. flipping (e.g. a page); peeling off

3.

[adv,adv-to] [on-mim]
▶ one after the other (flipping through pages)

4.

[adj-no,adj-na,adv,vs] [on-mim]
▶ thin (paper, cloth, etc.)
▶ flimsy
▶ weak

Conjugations

History:

4.	A 2018-03-02 02:17:52 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	ペラペラ 380935 ぺらぺら 143059
3.	A* 2018-03-01 12:37:33 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5, prog, daij G n-grams: ペラペラの紙 2625 ペラペラな紙 324 ペラペラした紙 97
	Comments:	Fixed PoS tags. Added sense.
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12,23 @@ +<pos>&adv;</pos> +<pos>&adv-to;</pos> +<pos>&adj-na;</pos> +<misc>&on-mim;</misc> +<gloss>fluently (speaking a foreign language)</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&adv;</pos> +<pos>&adv-to;</pos> +<misc>&on-mim;</misc> +<gloss>incessantly (speaking)</gloss> +<gloss>glibly</gloss> +<gloss>garrulously</gloss> +<gloss>volubly</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&adv;</pos> +<pos>&adv-to;</pos> +<misc>&on-mim;</misc> +<gloss>one after the other (flipping through pages)</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&adj-no;</pos> @@ -14 +36,0 @@ -<pos>&n;</pos> @@ -17,16 +39,3 @@ -<gloss>fluent</gloss> -<gloss>fluency</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&adj-na;</pos> -<pos>&adv;</pos> -<pos>&n;</pos> -<pos>&vs;</pos> -<gloss>flipping (pages)</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&adj-na;</pos> -<pos>&adv;</pos> -<pos>&n;</pos> -<pos>&vs;</pos> -<gloss>thin or weak (paper, cloth)</gloss> +<gloss>thin (paper, cloth, etc.)</gloss> +<gloss>flimsy</gloss> +<gloss>weak</gloss>
2.	A 2012-06-28 21:45:11 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2012-06-28 16:32:20 Marcus
	Refs:	hits
	Diff:	@@ -4,0 +4,3 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>ペラペラ</reb> +</r_ele>

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jmdict 1127800 Active (id: 1973827)

マス [gai1] ；マッス

1.

[n]
《usu. in art contexts》
▶ mass

2.

(マス only) [adj-f]
▶ mass (media, production, etc.)

3.

(マス only) [n] [col,abbr]
▶ masturbation

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1128060 マスターベーション 1. masturbation

History:

8.	A 2018-03-02 02:19:08 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
7.	A* 2018-03-01 16:24:23 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5, daij
	Comments:	Added sense.
	Diff:	@@ -17,0 +18,5 @@ +<pos>&adj-f;</pos> +<gloss>mass (media, production, etc.)</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<stagr>マス</stagr>
6.	A 2011-05-22 03:25:31 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I'm a bit uncomfortable about the "X" tag anyway, and I don't think it's appropriate here. Is there (still) an software that suppresses "X" entries.
5.	A* 2011-05-22 03:00:36 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	personally, i don't think "masturbation", which is a perfectly inoffensive word (and the ~~preferred~~ term for the action), should qualify for an "X". if "X" is to mean anything (and I'm not sure what really does keep it apart from "vulg"), I think it should be limited to terms for which the english glosses belong to a well-known list of bad words (e.g. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_dirty_words#The_words) rather than concepts that may make some people feel uncomfortable (e.g., someone else may complain that a certain sense of ホモ is not suitable for educational software.
	Diff:	@@ -22,1 +22,0 @@ -<misc>&X;</misc>
4.	A* 2011-05-21 12:08:45 Kieran <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	マス is a really common part of many words, and I don't think it's necessarily helpful to have this definition showing up all the time in educational software.
	Diff:	@@ -22,0 +22,1 @@ +<misc>&X;</misc>
(show/hide 3 older log entries)
3.	A 2010-09-02 04:16:22 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -13,0 +13,1 @@ +<s_inf>usu. in art contexts</s_inf>
2.	A* 2010-09-01 19:20:19 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	koj, daijr, daijs
	Comments:	sense 1 might need a note like [note="マッス is usually used in the world of art"]
	Diff:	@@ -8,0 +8,3 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>マッス</reb> +</r_ele> @@ -13,0 +16,1 @@ +<stagr>マス</stagr>
1.	A* 2010-09-01 18:12:32 Jean-Luc Léger <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -14,0 +14,1 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="1128060">マスターベーション</xref>

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jmdict 1127910 Active (id: 1973825)

マスコミュニケーション；マス・コミュニケーション

1.

[n]
▶ mass communication
▶ mass media

Cross references:
	⇐ see: 1127900 マスコミ 1. mass communication; mass media

History:

2.	A 2018-03-02 02:14:33 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Odd. Added some time between 2007 and 2010.
	Diff:	@@ -15,4 +14,0 @@ -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> -<gloss>mass collaboration, e.g. Wikipedia</gloss> -</sense>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 17:17:18 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5, prog
	Comments:	Is there a source for sense 2?
	Diff:	@@ -13 +13 @@ -<gloss>the media</gloss> +<gloss>mass media</gloss>

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jmdict 1128100 Active (id: 1973801)

マスプロ

1.

[n] [abbr]
▶ mass production

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1128110 マスプロダクション 1. mass production

History:

1.	A 2018-03-01 16:22:31 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -8,0 +9 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="1128110">マスプロダクション</xref>

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jmdict 1202950 Active (id: 2155796)
開放 [ichi1,news1,nf02]
【かいほう [ichi1,news1,nf02] 】

1.	[n,vs,vt] ▶ opening (a door, window, etc.) ▶ leaving open
2.	[n,vs,vt] ▶ opening up (e.g. to the public) ▶ allowing (public) access

Conjugations

History:

5.	A 2021-11-06 00:00:22 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	meikyo
	Diff:	@@ -18,0 +19 @@ +<pos>&vt;</pos> @@ -24,0 +26 @@ +<pos>&vt;</pos>
4.	A 2018-03-01 00:08:47 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	You're quite right. I just corrected two sentences that had the wrong かいほう. It's a common 変換ミス.
	Diff:	@@ -27 +26,0 @@ -<gloss>liberation (from captivity, bondage, etc.)</gloss>
3.	A* 2018-02-28 13:36:28 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I think "liberation" only applies to 解放. There's not a sense for this in the kokugos. Daijr has the following note on its 解放 entry: "同音語の「開放」は制限したりせずに自由な出入りを許すこと，また，扉や窓などを開け放つことであるが，それに対して「解放」は心身の束縛を解いて自由にすることを"
2.	A 2018-02-27 23:32:33 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Daijr, GG5, Tanaka sentences.
	Comments:	None of the sentences are for sense 1.
	Diff:	@@ -26,0 +27 @@ +<gloss>liberation (from captivity, bondage, etc.)</gloss>
1.	A* 2018-02-27 11:44:08 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5, prog, daij
	Comments:	Two senses in all the refs.
	Diff:	@@ -19,4 +19,8 @@ -<gloss>open</gloss> -<gloss>throw open</gloss> -<gloss>liberalization</gloss> -<gloss>liberalisation</gloss> +<gloss>opening (a door, window, etc.)</gloss> +<gloss>leaving open</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<pos>&vs;</pos> +<gloss>opening up (e.g. to the public)</gloss> +<gloss>allowing (public) access</gloss>

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jmdict 1242520 Active (id: 1973844)
近づける [spec1] ；近付ける [ichi1,news2,nf40]
【ちかづける [spec1,ichi1,news2,nf40] 】

1.	[v1,vt] ▶ to bring near ▶ to bring close ▶ to let go near
2.	[v1,vt] ▶ to associate with ▶ to bring (people) together ▶ to let come near (of a person)

Conjugations

History:

2.	A 2018-03-02 04:24:28 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 13:14:26 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5, prog, daij
	Comments:	Splitting.
	Diff:	@@ -25,2 +25,6 @@ -<gloss>to put close</gloss> -<gloss>to let come near</gloss> +<gloss>to bring close</gloss> +<gloss>to let go near</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&v1;</pos> +<pos>&vt;</pos> @@ -27,0 +32,2 @@ +<gloss>to bring (people) together</gloss> +<gloss>to let come near (of a person)</gloss>

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jmdict 1252560 Active (id: 1973741)
軽い [ichi1,news2,nf34]
【かるい [ichi1,news2,nf34] ；かろい】

1.

[adj-i]
▶ light (i.e. not heavy)
▶ feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily)

Cross references:
	⇔ ant: 1335750 重い 1. heavy; weighty

2.

[adj-i]
▶ light (i.e. of foot)
▶ effortless
▶ nimble
▶ agile

3.

[adj-i]
▶ non-serious
▶ minor
▶ unimportant
▶ trivial

4.

[adj-i]
▶ slight
▶ small
▶ gentle
▶ soft
▶ easy
▶ lighthearted (e.g. joke)

5.

[adj-i]
▶ easy
▶ simple

6.

[adj-i]
▶ indiscriminate

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1275680 口が軽い 1. having a loose tongue; being talkative; speaking without thinking; being unable to keep a secret

Conjugations

History:

3.	A 2018-03-01 00:04:12 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2.	A* 2018-02-16 04:26:58 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I'm not sure the usage note is necessary. gg5 has plenty of non-adverbial usage examples for this sense.
	Diff:	@@ -27,0 +28 @@ +<gloss>effortless</gloss> @@ -40 +40,0 @@ -<s_inf>often as 軽く</s_inf> @@ -44,0 +45,2 @@ +<gloss>easy</gloss> +<gloss>lighthearted (e.g. joke)</gloss>
1.	A 2011-07-29 21:52:28 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -21,1 +21,0 @@ -<xref type="ant" seq="1335750">重い</xref> @@ -23,1 +22,1 @@ -<xref type="ant" seq="1335750">重い・2</xref> +<xref type="ant" seq="1335750">重い・1</xref>

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jmdict 1316870 Active (id: 1973830)
治水 [news1,nf21]
【ちすい [news1,nf21] 】

1.

[n,vs]
▶ river management
▶ river improvement
▶ flood control

Conjugations

History:

2.	A 2018-03-02 02:24:40 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 18:11:23 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5
	Diff:	@@ -16,0 +17,2 @@ +<gloss>river management</gloss> +<gloss>river improvement</gloss>

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jmdict 1432410 Active (id: 2226703)
追う [ichi1,news1,nf05] ；逐う [rK]
【おう [ichi1,news1,nf05] 】

1.	[v5u,vt] ▶ to chase ▶ to run after ▶ to pursue ▶ to follow after
2.	[v5u,vt] ▶ to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.)
3.	[v5u,vt] ▶ to drive out ▶ to get rid of ▶ to oust ▶ to expel
4.	[v5u,vt] ▶ to drive (e.g. a herd)
5.	[v5u,vt] 《in passive voice》 ▶ to be pressed (e.g. for time)

Conjugations

History:

6.	A 2023-03-28 06:03:54 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
5.	A* 2023-03-28 02:38:20 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Google N-gram Corpus Counts ╭─ーー─┬───────────┬───────╮ │ 追う │ 1,737,701 │ 99.9% │ │ 逐う │ 1,968 │ 0.1% │ - rK (kokugos) │ おう │ 1,414,180 │ N/A │ ╰─ーー─┴───────────┴───────╯
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
4.	A 2018-03-01 00:01:39 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3.	A* 2018-02-16 04:09:00 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5 (which splits "to chase" into "chasing a person" and "chasing pleasure, etc.")
	Diff:	@@ -24,0 +25 @@ +<gloss>to follow after</gloss> @@ -34,0 +36 @@ +<gloss>to get rid of</gloss>
2.	A 2017-04-09 20:43:10 Johan Råde <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -29 +29 @@ -<gloss>to follow (e.g. a set order, a trend)</gloss> +<gloss>to follow (a set order, a trend, etc.)</gloss> @@ -46 +46,2 @@ -<gloss>(in passive voice) to be pressed (for time, etc.)</gloss> +<s_inf>in passive voice</s_inf> +<gloss>to be pressed (e.g. for time)</gloss>
(show/hide 1 older log entries)
1.	A* 2017-04-09 20:35:26
	Diff:	@@ -29 +29 @@ -<gloss>to follow (i.e. a set order, a trend)</gloss> +<gloss>to follow (e.g. a set order, a trend)</gloss> @@ -41 +41 @@ -<gloss>to drive (i.e. a herd)</gloss> +<gloss>to drive (e.g. a herd)</gloss>

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jmdict 1436470 Active (id: 1973829)
梯形
【ていけい】

1.

[n,adj-no]
《now usu. 台形》
▶ trapezoid
▶ trapezium

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1412590 台形 1. trapezium; trapezoid

History:

2.	A 2018-03-02 02:24:23 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	梯形 1199 台形 126033
	Comments:	Yes, there should be a way of saying that it's and old term and there are better ones. I'll see how this note goes.
	Diff:	@@ -13,0 +14 @@ +<s_inf>now usu. 台形</s_inf>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 15:27:11 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daijs: "台形の旧称"
	Comments:	Would it be helpful to have a note in cases like this? I don't think [obs] is appropriate.
	Diff:	@@ -12,0 +13 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="1412590">台形</xref> @@ -13,0 +15 @@ +<gloss>trapezium</gloss>

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jmdict 1472010 Active (id: 2175936)
廃る；頽る
【すたる】

1.

[v5r,vi]
▶ to go out of use
▶ to become obsolete
▶ to die out
▶ to go out of fashion
▶ to go out of style

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1472020 廃れる 1. to go out of use; to become obsolete; to die out; to go out of fashion; to go out of style

2.

[v5r,vi]
▶ to be hurt (of honour, reputation, etc.)
▶ to be harmed
▶ to be sullied

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 2793160 男がすたる 1. to stain one's honour (of a man); to hurt one's reputation; to bring shame upon oneself; to become less of a man

Conjugations

History:

7.	A 2022-01-22 22:17:23 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
6.	A* 2022-01-09 16:25:13 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5, prog
	Diff:	@@ -26,2 +26,3 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2793160">男が廃る</xref> -<gloss>to become lost (e.g. of dignity)</gloss> +<xref type="see" seq="2793160">男がすたる</xref> +<gloss>to be hurt (of honour, reputation, etc.)</gloss> +<gloss>to be harmed</gloss>
5.	A 2021-12-05 12:09:25 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daijs, koj
	Comments:	Aligning.
	Diff:	@@ -5,0 +6,3 @@ +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>頽る</keb> @@ -13 +16 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="1472020">廃れる・すたれる・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="1472020">廃れる・1</xref> @@ -17,0 +21 @@ +<gloss>to go out of style</gloss> @@ -20,0 +25,2 @@ +<pos>&vi;</pos> +<xref type="see" seq="2793160">男が廃る</xref>
4.	A 2019-05-20 05:10:32 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Me neither.
3.	A* 2019-05-11 16:39:32 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	(I'm also not feeling very confident in those glosses)
(show/hide 2 older log entries)
2.	A* 2019-05-11 16:38:36 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daijr see entry suggestion 名が廃る should prob have more senses, as should 廃れる男が廃る is also in the kokugo's and should prob. be an entry
	Diff:	@@ -18,0 +19,5 @@ +<sense> +<pos>&v5r;</pos> +<gloss>to become lost (e.g. of dignity)</gloss> +<gloss>to be sullied</gloss> +</sense>
1.	A 2018-03-01 12:05:20 Johan Råde <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5 koj daijs
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12,2 @@ +<pos>&vi;</pos> +<xref type="see" seq="1472020">廃れる・すたれる</xref>

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jmdict 1475480 Active (id: 2279092)
薄い [ichi1,news1,nf20]
【うすい [ichi1,news1,nf20] 】

1.	[adj-i] ▶ thin (of an object)
2.	[adj-i] ▶ pale ▶ light ▶ faint
3.	[adj-i] ▶ watery ▶ thin ▶ diluted
4.	[adj-i] ▶ weak (taste, etc.) ▶ little (affection, etc.) ▶ not much (of a presence)
5.	[adj-i] ▶ slim (probability, etc.) ▶ small
6.	[adj-i] ▶ sparse ▶ patchy ▶ scattered

Conjugations

History:

4.	A 2023-10-03 00:48:41 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3.	A* 2023-10-02 12:47:28 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -18,2 +18 @@ -<s_inf>in ref. to objects, not to people</s_inf> -<gloss>thin</gloss> +<gloss>thin (of an object)</gloss> @@ -31 +30 @@ -<gloss>dilute</gloss> +<gloss>diluted</gloss> @@ -36 +35,2 @@ -<gloss>little (affection, etc.) not much (of a presence)</gloss> +<gloss>little (affection, etc.)</gloss> +<gloss>not much (of a presence)</gloss>
2.	A 2018-03-01 00:52:43 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Dropped the new sense to last so as to keep the sentences linked. There is no example for that sentence.
	Diff:	@@ -35,6 +34,0 @@ -<gloss>sparse</gloss> -<gloss>patchy</gloss> -<gloss>scattered</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&adj-i;</pos> @@ -48,0 +43,6 @@ +<sense> +<pos>&adj-i;</pos> +<gloss>sparse</gloss> +<gloss>patchy</gloss> +<gloss>scattered</gloss> +</sense>
1.	A* 2018-02-09 08:14:57 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	chujiten daij eij prog
	Comments:	うすい is not used to mean "skinny", so I thought the note might be helpful. Either that or adding a "of little thickness" gloss...
	Diff:	@@ -17,0 +18 @@ +<s_inf>in ref. to objects, not to people</s_inf> @@ -23,0 +25 @@ +<gloss>faint</gloss> @@ -27,0 +30 @@ +<gloss>thin</gloss> @@ -28,0 +32,3 @@ +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&adj-i;</pos> @@ -29,0 +36,2 @@ +<gloss>patchy</gloss> +<gloss>scattered</gloss> @@ -33,0 +42 @@ +<gloss>little (affection, etc.) not much (of a presence)</gloss>

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jmdict 1511640 Active (id: 1973828)
片言 [news2,nf30]
【かたこと [news2,nf30] ；カタコト (nokanji) 】

1.

[n,adj-no]
▶ prattle
▶ broken language
▶ halting language
▶ baby talk
▶ imperfect speech
▶ smattering

History:

9.	A 2018-03-02 02:19:53 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
8.	A* 2018-03-01 15:36:39 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	As long as かたこと and へんげん have different definitions/glosses, I don't think we should be linking them. ぺらぺら x-ref isn't necessary either.
	Diff:	@@ -21,3 +20,0 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="1626540">片言・へんげん・1</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="1011580">ぺらぺら・1</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="1011580">ぺらぺら・1</xref>
7.	A 2011-11-13 11:13:21 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
6.	A* 2011-11-11 22:23:52 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	eij
	Comments:	often written in katakana
	Diff:	@@ -13,0 +13,4 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>カタコト</reb> +<re_nokanji/>
5.	A 2011-05-10 00:09:26 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	It's not an "ant".
	Diff:	@@ -18,1 +18,1 @@ -<xref type="ant" seq="1011580">ぺらぺら・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="1011580">ぺらぺら・1</xref>
(show/hide 4 older log entries)
4.	A* 2011-05-09 07:57:59 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	i'm hesitant to call an onomatopoeic adverb the 'antonym' to a noun. it seems like saying the antonym of "slow" is "vroom"
3.	A* 2011-05-09 00:54:52 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	GG5, 新和英中辞典, Daijirin, etc.
	Comments:	GG5 links to へんげん as a second sense, so a merge is theoretically possible. No other ref has them merged.
	Diff:	@@ -19,3 +19,6 @@ -<gloss>a smattering</gloss> -<gloss>talk like a baby</gloss> -<gloss>speak haltingly</gloss> +<gloss>prattle</gloss> +<gloss>broken language</gloss> +<gloss>halting language</gloss> +<gloss>baby talk</gloss> +<gloss>imperfect speech</gloss> +<gloss>smattering</gloss>
2.	A* 2011-05-08 12:30:50 Nils Roland Barth <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	adj too
	Diff:	@@ -16,0 +16,1 @@ +<pos>&adj-no;</pos>
1.	A* 2011-05-08 12:29:33 Nils Roland Barth <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	ant
	Diff:	@@ -17,0 +17,1 @@ +<xref type="ant" seq="1011580">ぺらぺら・1</xref>

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jmdict 1528270 Deleted (id: 1973866)
密室で
【みっしつで】

1.

[exp]
▶ behind closed doors

History:

3.	D 2018-03-02 11:13:01 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Ok. Let's drop it.
2.	D* 2018-03-02 04:28:51 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	None of the EJs I looked at use it for "behind closed doors". The had things like ひそかに and 内密に. Suggest removing..
1.	A* 2018-03-01 22:17:30 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Not sure if this is worth keeping.
	Diff:	@@ -12 +12 @@ -<gloss>"behind closed doors"</gloss> +<gloss>behind closed doors</gloss>

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jmdict 1550190 Active (id: 2007714)
裏 [news1,nf04]
【うら [news1,nf04] 】

1.

[n]
▶ opposite side
▶ bottom
▶ other side
▶ side hidden from view
▶ undersurface
▶ reverse side

Cross references:
	⇔ ant: 1489340 表【おもて】 1. surface

2.

[n]
▶ rear
▶ back
▶ behind

3.

[n]
▶ lining
▶ inside

4.

[n]
▶ in the shadows
▶ behind the scenes
▶ offstage
▶ behind (someone's) back

5.

[n]
▶ more (to something than meets the eye)
▶ hidden side (e.g. of one's personality)
▶ unknown circumstances
▶ different side

6.

[n]
▶ proof

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1588450 裏付け 1. support (e.g. for an argument); backing; proof; evidence; corroboration; substantiation; guarantee; security

7.

[n]
▶ opposite (of a prediction, common sense, etc.)
▶ contrary

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1860660 裏をかく 1. to outwit; to outsmart; to counterplot; to defeat

8.

[n]
▶ inverse (of a hypothesis, etc.)

Cross references:
	⇐ ant: 1489340 表【おもて】 7. first half (of an inning); top (of an inning)

9.

[n] {baseball}
▶ bottom (of an inning)
▶ last half (of an inning)

Cross references:
	⇒ ant: 1489340 表【おもて】 7. first half (of an inning); top (of an inning)

History:

10.	A 2019-05-25 01:21:49 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -40 +40 @@ -<gloss>behind (somebody's) back</gloss> +<gloss>behind (someone's) back</gloss>
9.	A* 2019-05-23 20:24:36
	Diff:	@@ -40 +40 @@ -<gloss>behind one's back</gloss> +<gloss>behind (somebody's) back</gloss>
8.	A 2018-03-01 05:43:31 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Examples adjusted.
7.	A* 2018-02-21 05:27:33 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daij gg5 prog
	Diff:	@@ -17 +17,4 @@ -<gloss>bottom (or another side that is hidden from view)</gloss> +<gloss>opposite side</gloss> +<gloss>bottom</gloss> +<gloss>other side</gloss> +<gloss>side hidden from view</gloss> @@ -19 +21,0 @@ -<gloss>opposite side</gloss> @@ -26 +28 @@ -<gloss>behind (the house)</gloss> +<gloss>behind</gloss> @@ -35 +37 @@ -<gloss>out of sight</gloss> +<gloss>in the shadows</gloss> @@ -37 +39,9 @@ -<gloss>in the shadows</gloss> +<gloss>offstage</gloss> +<gloss>behind one's back</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<gloss>more (to something than meets the eye)</gloss> +<gloss>hidden side (e.g. of one's personality)</gloss> +<gloss>unknown circumstances</gloss> +<gloss>different side</gloss> @@ -47,0 +58 @@ +<gloss>contrary</gloss>
6.	A 2017-02-10 11:54:11 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
(show/hide 5 older log entries)
5.	A* 2017-02-10 11:49:52
	Diff:	@@ -36,0 +37 @@ +<gloss>in the shadows</gloss>
4.	A 2016-09-06 07:14:10 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I guess so.
3.	A* 2016-08-27 09:56:04 Johan Råde <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -53,0 +54,2 @@ +<xref type="ant" seq="1489340">表・おもて・7</xref> +<field>&baseb;</field>
2.	A* 2016-08-27 07:00:43 Johan Råde <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	is sense 8 a baseball term?
1.	A 2010-11-11 22:59:31 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -16,1 +16,1 @@ -<xref type="ant">表</xref> +<xref type="ant" seq="1489340">表・おもて・1</xref> @@ -45,1 +45,1 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="1860660">裏をかく</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="1860660">裏をかく・1</xref>

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jmdict 1585070 Active (id: 2291793)
落ち葉 [ichi1,news1,nf22] ；落葉
【おちば [ichi1,news1,nf22] ；らくよう (落葉) 】

1.	[n] ▶ fallen leaves ▶ leaf litter ▶ falling leaves
2.	(らくよう only) [n,vs,vi] ▶ leaf fall ▶ dropping leaves ▶ defoliation
3.	(らくよう only) [adj-no] ▶ deciduous

Conjugations

History:

5.	A 2024-02-13 21:33:55 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	[vi]: sankoku, meikyo, iwakoku, smk, etc.
	Diff:	@@ -32,0 +33 @@ +<pos>&vi;</pos>
4.	A 2018-03-01 00:13:04 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3.	A* 2018-02-28 21:55:32 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5 daijr (落ち葉): "また，木の枝から落ちていく"
	Comments:	Added sense. 落ち葉 can also mean "falling leaves".
	Diff:	@@ -25 +24,0 @@ -<pos>&vs;</pos> @@ -27,0 +27,9 @@ +<gloss>falling leaves</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<stagr>らくよう</stagr> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<pos>&vs;</pos> +<gloss>leaf fall</gloss> +<gloss>dropping leaves</gloss> +<gloss>defoliation</gloss>
2.	A 2012-03-17 02:24:25 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2012-03-15 07:12:07 Marcus
	Diff:	@@ -26,1 +26,0 @@ -<pos>&adj-no;</pos> @@ -29,2 +28,5 @@ -<gloss>defoliation</gloss> -<gloss>shedding leaves</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<stagr>らくよう</stagr> +<pos>&adj-no;</pos> +<gloss>deciduous</gloss>

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jmdict 1589730 Rejected (id: 2105535)
買い物 [ichi1,news1,nf06] ；買物 [ichi1] ；買いもん
【かいもの (買い物, 買物) [ichi1,news1,nf06] ；かいもん】

1.

[n,vs]
《買いもん is col.》
▶ shopping
▶ purchased goods

Conjugations

History:

11.	R 2021-06-16 09:07:30 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Fork
10.	A* 2021-06-16 09:06:58 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Except for slang/colloquial terms, I think we've decided (in the recent past) NOT to tag things that 1) aren't marked as vs in the kokugos, 2) are more commonly "-をする"
9.	A 2021-06-16 06:01:31 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
8.	A* 2021-06-16 04:12:47 dine
	Refs:	daijr, daijs, meikyo, gakken, smk 買い物に行く 234071 買い物をする 855570 買い物する 377651
	Diff:	@@ -29,0 +30 @@ +<pos>&vs;</pos>
7.	A 2018-03-08 06:13:44 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I'll approve it for now. If anybosy objects, they can re-open it.
(show/hide 6 older log entries)
6.	A* 2018-03-01 01:02:35 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	買いもん 14236 買い物 68063816 買物 4614770 かいもの 238334 かいもん 13489
	Comments:	OK, putting it back, and removing the draft 買いもん entry.
	Diff:	@@ -13,0 +14,3 @@ +<k_ele> +<keb>買いもん</keb> +</k_ele> @@ -15,0 +19,2 @@ +<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買物</re_restr> @@ -19,0 +25,3 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>かいもん</reb> +</r_ele> @@ -21,0 +30 @@ +<s_inf>買いもん is col.</s_inf>
5.	A 2018-02-26 06:12:57 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I agree かいもん probably shouldn't be here. I've proposed a split.
	Diff:	@@ -20,3 +19,0 @@ -<r_ele> -<reb>かいもん</reb> -</r_ele>
4.	A* 2018-02-16 23:26:03 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I'm not sure if including these sorts of dialectal readings is a good idea. Wouldn't we have to be consistent with all -物 entries?
3.	A* 2018-02-13 17:57:14 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Since nobody has protested... I think 買いもん is too rare to be worth recording (esp. as it'll be rather messy). I can see why it's unusual too as the IME isn't helpful at all when you type かいもん (開門、海門、会モン、etc.)
	Diff:	@@ -19,0 +20,3 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>かいもん</reb> +</r_ele>
2.	A* 2018-02-09 09:33:07 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	鍋物 179878 なべもの 4030 鍋もん 1374 なべもん 567 買いもん 14236 買もん 78 買い物 68063816 買物 4614770 かいもの 238334 かいもん 13489
	Comments:	Scary prospect, but it seems that 買いもん, etc. are common enough to record somewhere.
1.	A* 2018-02-07 18:04:54 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail /q144851974 "買い物←「かいもん」って言います？私は『「かいもん」行って来るわ』って言うんだけど・・・。みなさんはどちらですか？「かいもん」って関西弁？？" "地域、人によって「もの」が「もん」になまるのではないでしょうか。私は大阪人ですが「物」「者」はよく「もん」と言います。例えば、食べ物たべもん生ものなまもん青物あおもん果物くだもん鍋物なべもん飲み物のみもん着る物きるもん履く物はくもん品物しなもん色物いろもん上物じょうもん安物やすもん本物ほんもん偽物にせもん瀬戸物せともん輸入物ゆにゅうもん翻訳物ほんやくもん書いた物かいたもん出来た物できたもんほめる者ほめるもん笑う者わらうもん喜ぶ者よろこぶもん怒る者おこるもん泣く者なくもん悲しむ者かなしむもんよそ者よそもん筋者すじもん横着者おうちゃくもん極道者ごくどうもん馬鹿者ばかもん" "名古屋出身の者です。 ”かいもん”って使ってましたよ．" "「もの(mono)」が省略された、または転訛して「もん(mon)」になっているだけでしょう。方言であるとは一概には言えないように思います。また、上品か下品かなんて比べようとする(または、決めつけようとする)人って、心が狭いと思いますが。「物」だけでなく「者」も「もん」になります。悪者→わるもん・・・他にもいっぱいありそうですね。" "大分寄り、山口寄り、の福岡県に住んでますが、「かいもん」って言います。多分、関西に限らず使ってる地域は結構あるのではないでしょうか？"
	Comments:	Do we want to record this pronunciation? There's a whole lot of -者/-物 entries we could add -もん readings to if we wanted. Also don't believe this is an adj-no.
	Diff:	@@ -22 +21,0 @@ -<pos>&adj-no;</pos>

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jmdict 1589730 Rejected (id: 2207687)
買い物 [ichi1,news1,nf06] ；買物 [ichi1] ；買いもの [sK] ；買いもん [sK]
【かいもの [ichi1,news1,nf06] ；かいもん (買い物, 買物, 買いもん) 】

1.

[n,vs,vi]
▶ shopping
▶ purchased goods

Conjugations

History:

31.	R 2022-09-07 00:19:15 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Duplicate
30.	A* 2022-09-06 16:33:54 Keita Miwa <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	かいもん is not acceptable for 買いもの
	Diff:	@@ -29,0 +30,3 @@ +<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買いもん</re_restr>
29.	A 2022-08-14 11:32:08 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Adding sK/sk forms.
	Diff:	@@ -15,0 +16 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> @@ -18,0 +20 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> @@ -22,3 +23,0 @@ -<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買いもの</re_restr> @@ -31,3 +29,0 @@ -<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買いもん</re_restr>
28.	A 2022-06-27 07:21:27 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
27.	A* 2022-06-27 04:46:55 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	HiddenForm 買いもの；買いもん (Marcus suggested that かいもん not be hidden)
(show/hide 26 older log entries)
26.	A 2022-06-24 06:24:45 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	There is an issue open on ～もの/～もん entries, so there's no need to keep this edit open.
25.	A* 2022-06-22 23:24:22 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I agree it's a shame it makes the entry a little unsightly but I don't think the reading かいもん should be [hidden] away (but I wouldn't mind a tag like that applied to 買いもの；買いもん)
24.	A* 2022-06-22 15:53:05 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	買い物 68063816 99.6% 買いもの 268422 0.4% 買いもん 14236 0.0% --- 考え物 71000 考えもん 9874 <- not in jmdict 比べ物 297511 比べもん 5424 <- not in jmdict 馬鹿者 91293 馬鹿もん 2534 <- not in jmdict 売り物 413791 売りもん 2456 <- not in jmdict
	Comments:	I can see the argument for keeping かいもん on this entry (as it's not really a separate word) but I don't like that it introduces unsightly restriction tags (if 買いもの and 買いもん are included as surface forms). I think this is another illustration of how "hidden" readings/surface forms could be very useful. It would allow us to include -もん forms on other -物/-者 entries without adding any restr tags. I'd argue that even the reading doesn't need to be visible; what matters is that a -もん search takes you to the right entry.
23.	A 2022-06-22 12:18:24 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	OK, I'll put it back the way it was before the split. We can't have 買いもの/かいもん as a pair, and I'm not throwing away 買いもん.
	Diff:	@@ -16,0 +17,3 @@ +<k_ele> +<keb>買いもん</keb> +</k_ele> @@ -18,0 +22,3 @@ +<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買いもの</re_restr> @@ -24,0 +31,3 @@ +<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買いもん</re_restr>
22.	A* 2022-06-22 10:57:44 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	https://www.1101.com/job_study/iwata/2008-04-17.html 安心して「バカもん！」と言える人と、腫れ物に触るように叱らないといけない人がいるんですよね。 (interview w Iwata, former CEO of Nintendo) https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/人気もん! 『人気もん!』（にんきもん）は、2005年4月3日から2012年3月18日まで、テレビ新広島の制作により、FNS中国地方ブロックネットで放送されていたドキュメントバラエティ番組である。 https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/似せ者/ daijs+ にせもん【似せ者】の解説松井今朝子の短編の時代小説。 (にせもん is also in our 偽物 entry) https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/この家は売りもんではない。 tatoeba example: この家は売りもんではない。 This house is not for sale. https://japan-indepth.jp/?p=64397 橋下氏も橋下氏で、ある学者の容姿を「安もんのヒトラー」などと形容したことがあるが、これは相手が先に自分をヒトラーに例えたことへの「言い返し」だと明言している。 (Hashimoto did write "yasumon" not "yasumono" on his twitter but you can find plenty of newspapers etc. using the kanji 安物 to quote him, i.e. https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/social/politics/468849/ )
	Comments:	I guess we haven't formulated an official rule on these, but the previous discussion was on this particular entry (and on a deleted 買いもん entry). かいもん is spoken language. it might seem rare in the ngrams because people don't write it out with much frequency, yet will still pronounce 買い物 as かいもん. It's super common in Kansai and probably all or most other western Japanese dialects as well (博多通りもん for example is one of FUkuoka's most famous omiyagegashi), and probably in parts of eastern Japan and even Hokkaido too. 物/者 can in many (if not all) commonly used constructions be pronounced もん. I think we should include it in more entries to demonstrate this. I don't think we should split them out because they are really just a different way to pronunciate the same word and as such they meet our 2/3 guideline.
	Diff:	@@ -21,0 +22,3 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>かいもん</reb>
21.	A* 2022-06-22 05:20:55 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	買い物 68063816 買いもの 268422 かいもの 238334 買いもん 14236 かいもん 13489
	Comments:	I thought we were doing them on a case-by-case basis, and given the expressed interest in decluttering having two simpler entries didn't seem a bad move. I'd like to see the impact of similar handling of other 物 and 者 cases before attempting a general rule on ...もん forms. Of course, we could just have かいもん as a [nokanji] reading, but that ignores that 買いもん seems to be slightly more common (and かいもん could also be referring to 海門 and 開門). With that many counts in the n-grams, I certainly wouldn't want 買いもん thrown away.
20.	A* 2022-06-22 02:40:47 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	We've discussed this previously - I don't think -もん forms should be split off but kept with もの's, or each and every 物 and 者 entry could have a doppelganger もん entry (not that we include -もん readings in all of them, but we certainly could and probably should include them in more). I also think that we don't need to record the kanji surface form "買いもん" at all, and I don't think we actually need to include a note saying "かいもん is col". It's not as かいもの is a particularly formal word to begin with.
19.	A 2022-06-22 01:42:45 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Yes. Done.
	Diff:	@@ -17,3 +16,0 @@ -<k_ele> -<keb>買いもん</keb> -</k_ele> @@ -22,3 +18,0 @@ -<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買いもの</re_restr> @@ -28,6 +21,0 @@ -</r_ele> -<r_ele> -<reb>かいもん</reb> -<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買いもん</re_restr> @@ -39 +26,0 @@ -<s_inf>かいもん is colloquial</s_inf>
18.	A* 2022-06-22 01:01:19 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Would it not be better to have a separate col-tagged かいもん entry? I'm not sure it's worth cluttering the entry just to accommodate a significantly less common reading.
17.	A 2022-06-22 00:52:54 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	mk
	Diff:	@@ -38 +38,2 @@ -<s_inf>買いもん is colloquial</s_inf> +<pos>&vi;</pos> +<s_inf>かいもん is colloquial</s_inf>
16.	A* 2022-06-21 21:58:40 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Not sure if かいもん applies to 買い物 and 買物, but it's definitely not 買いもの
	Diff:	@@ -30,0 +31,3 @@ +<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買いもん</re_restr>
15.	A 2021-08-20 23:00:43 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	買い物 68063816 買物 4614770 買いもの 268422 買いもん 14236
	Comments:	It's so comparatively rare that I doubt it's worth mentioning.
14.	A* 2021-08-20 22:29:44 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	"col." isn't the most obvious abbreviation.
	Diff:	@@ -35 +35 @@ -<s_inf>買いもん is col.</s_inf> +<s_inf>買いもん is colloquial</s_inf>
13.	A 2021-08-19 23:36:39 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
12.	A* 2021-08-19 23:10:04 Nicolas Maia
	Comments:	買いもの 268422
	Diff:	@@ -14,0 +15,3 @@ +<keb>買いもの</keb> +</k_ele> +<k_ele> @@ -20,0 +24 @@ +<re_restr>買いもの</re_restr>
11.	A 2021-06-16 09:08:03 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	NVm, should have actually checked the kokugos.
10.	A* 2021-06-16 09:05:41 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Except for slang/colloquial terms, I think we've decided (in the recent past) NOT to tag things that 1) aren't marked as vs in the kokugos, 2) are more commonly "-をする"
9.	A 2021-06-16 06:01:31 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
8.	A* 2021-06-16 04:12:47 dine
	Refs:	daijr, daijs, meikyo, gakken, smk 買い物に行く 234071 買い物をする 855570 買い物する 377651
	Diff:	@@ -29,0 +30 @@ +<pos>&vs;</pos>
7.	A 2018-03-08 06:13:44 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I'll approve it for now. If anybosy objects, they can re-open it.
6.	A* 2018-03-01 01:02:35 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	買いもん 14236 買い物 68063816 買物 4614770 かいもの 238334 かいもん 13489
	Comments:	OK, putting it back, and removing the draft 買いもん entry.
	Diff:	@@ -13,0 +14,3 @@ +<k_ele> +<keb>買いもん</keb> +</k_ele> @@ -15,0 +19,2 @@ +<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買物</re_restr> @@ -19,0 +25,3 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>かいもん</reb> +</r_ele> @@ -21,0 +30 @@ +<s_inf>買いもん is col.</s_inf>
5.	A 2018-02-26 06:12:57 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I agree かいもん probably shouldn't be here. I've proposed a split.
	Diff:	@@ -20,3 +19,0 @@ -<r_ele> -<reb>かいもん</reb> -</r_ele>
4.	A* 2018-02-16 23:26:03 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I'm not sure if including these sorts of dialectal readings is a good idea. Wouldn't we have to be consistent with all -物 entries?
3.	A* 2018-02-13 17:57:14 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Since nobody has protested... I think 買いもん is too rare to be worth recording (esp. as it'll be rather messy). I can see why it's unusual too as the IME isn't helpful at all when you type かいもん (開門、海門、会モン、etc.)
	Diff:	@@ -19,0 +20,3 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>かいもん</reb> +</r_ele>
2.	A* 2018-02-09 09:33:07 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	鍋物 179878 なべもの 4030 鍋もん 1374 なべもん 567 買いもん 14236 買もん 78 買い物 68063816 買物 4614770 かいもの 238334 かいもん 13489
	Comments:	Scary prospect, but it seems that 買いもん, etc. are common enough to record somewhere.
1.	A* 2018-02-07 18:04:54 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail /q144851974 "買い物←「かいもん」って言います？私は『「かいもん」行って来るわ』って言うんだけど・・・。みなさんはどちらですか？「かいもん」って関西弁？？" "地域、人によって「もの」が「もん」になまるのではないでしょうか。私は大阪人ですが「物」「者」はよく「もん」と言います。例えば、食べ物たべもん生ものなまもん青物あおもん果物くだもん鍋物なべもん飲み物のみもん着る物きるもん履く物はくもん品物しなもん色物いろもん上物じょうもん安物やすもん本物ほんもん偽物にせもん瀬戸物せともん輸入物ゆにゅうもん翻訳物ほんやくもん書いた物かいたもん出来た物できたもんほめる者ほめるもん笑う者わらうもん喜ぶ者よろこぶもん怒る者おこるもん泣く者なくもん悲しむ者かなしむもんよそ者よそもん筋者すじもん横着者おうちゃくもん極道者ごくどうもん馬鹿者ばかもん" "名古屋出身の者です。 ”かいもん”って使ってましたよ．" "「もの(mono)」が省略された、または転訛して「もん(mon)」になっているだけでしょう。方言であるとは一概には言えないように思います。また、上品か下品かなんて比べようとする(または、決めつけようとする)人って、心が狭いと思いますが。「物」だけでなく「者」も「もん」になります。悪者→わるもん・・・他にもいっぱいありそうですね。" "大分寄り、山口寄り、の福岡県に住んでますが、「かいもん」って言います。多分、関西に限らず使ってる地域は結構あるのではないでしょうか？"
	Comments:	Do we want to record this pronunciation? There's a whole lot of -者/-物 entries we could add -もん readings to if we wanted. Also don't believe this is an adj-no.
	Diff:	@@ -22 +21,0 @@ -<pos>&adj-no;</pos>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml

jmdict 1589730 Active (id: 2208020)
買い物 [ichi1,news1,nf06] ；買物 [ichi1] ；買いもの [sK] ；買いもん [sK]
【かいもの [ichi1,news1,nf06] ；かいもん】

1.

[n,vs,vi]
▶ shopping
▶ purchased goods

Conjugations

History:

32.	A 2022-09-09 05:15:16 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
31.	A* 2022-09-07 00:27:16 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	https://www.edrdg.org/wiki/index.php/Editorial_policy#Search-only_Forms - "The forms do not participate in the restriction structure"
	Comments:	Not necessary as only 買い物 and 買物 are associated with readings.
	Diff:	@@ -30,3 +29,0 @@ -<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買いもん</re_restr>
30.	A* 2022-09-06 16:33:53 Keita Miwa <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	かいもん is not acceptable for 買いもの
	Diff:	@@ -29,0 +30,3 @@ +<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買いもん</re_restr>
29.	A 2022-08-14 11:32:08 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Adding sK/sk forms.
	Diff:	@@ -15,0 +16 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> @@ -18,0 +20 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> @@ -22,3 +23,0 @@ -<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買いもの</re_restr> @@ -31,3 +29,0 @@ -<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買いもん</re_restr>
28.	A 2022-06-27 07:21:27 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
(show/hide 27 older log entries)
27.	A* 2022-06-27 04:46:55 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	HiddenForm 買いもの；買いもん (Marcus suggested that かいもん not be hidden)
26.	A 2022-06-24 06:24:45 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	There is an issue open on ～もの/～もん entries, so there's no need to keep this edit open.
25.	A* 2022-06-22 23:24:22 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I agree it's a shame it makes the entry a little unsightly but I don't think the reading かいもん should be [hidden] away (but I wouldn't mind a tag like that applied to 買いもの；買いもん)
24.	A* 2022-06-22 15:53:05 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	買い物 68063816 99.6% 買いもの 268422 0.4% 買いもん 14236 0.0% --- 考え物 71000 考えもん 9874 <- not in jmdict 比べ物 297511 比べもん 5424 <- not in jmdict 馬鹿者 91293 馬鹿もん 2534 <- not in jmdict 売り物 413791 売りもん 2456 <- not in jmdict
	Comments:	I can see the argument for keeping かいもん on this entry (as it's not really a separate word) but I don't like that it introduces unsightly restriction tags (if 買いもの and 買いもん are included as surface forms). I think this is another illustration of how "hidden" readings/surface forms could be very useful. It would allow us to include -もん forms on other -物/-者 entries without adding any restr tags. I'd argue that even the reading doesn't need to be visible; what matters is that a -もん search takes you to the right entry.
23.	A 2022-06-22 12:18:24 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	OK, I'll put it back the way it was before the split. We can't have 買いもの/かいもん as a pair, and I'm not throwing away 買いもん.
	Diff:	@@ -16,0 +17,3 @@ +<k_ele> +<keb>買いもん</keb> +</k_ele> @@ -18,0 +22,3 @@ +<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買いもの</re_restr> @@ -24,0 +31,3 @@ +<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買いもん</re_restr>
22.	A* 2022-06-22 10:57:44 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	https://www.1101.com/job_study/iwata/2008-04-17.html 安心して「バカもん！」と言える人と、腫れ物に触るように叱らないといけない人がいるんですよね。 (interview w Iwata, former CEO of Nintendo) https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/人気もん! 『人気もん!』（にんきもん）は、2005年4月3日から2012年3月18日まで、テレビ新広島の制作により、FNS中国地方ブロックネットで放送されていたドキュメントバラエティ番組である。 https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/似せ者/ daijs+ にせもん【似せ者】の解説松井今朝子の短編の時代小説。 (にせもん is also in our 偽物 entry) https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/この家は売りもんではない。 tatoeba example: この家は売りもんではない。 This house is not for sale. https://japan-indepth.jp/?p=64397 橋下氏も橋下氏で、ある学者の容姿を「安もんのヒトラー」などと形容したことがあるが、これは相手が先に自分をヒトラーに例えたことへの「言い返し」だと明言している。 (Hashimoto did write "yasumon" not "yasumono" on his twitter but you can find plenty of newspapers etc. using the kanji 安物 to quote him, i.e. https://www.tokyo-sports.co.jp/social/politics/468849/ )
	Comments:	I guess we haven't formulated an official rule on these, but the previous discussion was on this particular entry (and on a deleted 買いもん entry). かいもん is spoken language. it might seem rare in the ngrams because people don't write it out with much frequency, yet will still pronounce 買い物 as かいもん. It's super common in Kansai and probably all or most other western Japanese dialects as well (博多通りもん for example is one of FUkuoka's most famous omiyagegashi), and probably in parts of eastern Japan and even Hokkaido too. 物/者 can in many (if not all) commonly used constructions be pronounced もん. I think we should include it in more entries to demonstrate this. I don't think we should split them out because they are really just a different way to pronunciate the same word and as such they meet our 2/3 guideline.
	Diff:	@@ -21,0 +22,3 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>かいもん</reb>
21.	A* 2022-06-22 05:20:55 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	買い物 68063816 買いもの 268422 かいもの 238334 買いもん 14236 かいもん 13489
	Comments:	I thought we were doing them on a case-by-case basis, and given the expressed interest in decluttering having two simpler entries didn't seem a bad move. I'd like to see the impact of similar handling of other 物 and 者 cases before attempting a general rule on ...もん forms. Of course, we could just have かいもん as a [nokanji] reading, but that ignores that 買いもん seems to be slightly more common (and かいもん could also be referring to 海門 and 開門). With that many counts in the n-grams, I certainly wouldn't want 買いもん thrown away.
20.	A* 2022-06-22 02:40:47 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	We've discussed this previously - I don't think -もん forms should be split off but kept with もの's, or each and every 物 and 者 entry could have a doppelganger もん entry (not that we include -もん readings in all of them, but we certainly could and probably should include them in more). I also think that we don't need to record the kanji surface form "買いもん" at all, and I don't think we actually need to include a note saying "かいもん is col". It's not as かいもの is a particularly formal word to begin with.
19.	A 2022-06-22 01:42:45 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Yes. Done.
	Diff:	@@ -17,3 +16,0 @@ -<k_ele> -<keb>買いもん</keb> -</k_ele> @@ -22,3 +18,0 @@ -<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買いもの</re_restr> @@ -28,6 +21,0 @@ -</r_ele> -<r_ele> -<reb>かいもん</reb> -<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買物</re_restr> -<re_restr>買いもん</re_restr> @@ -39 +26,0 @@ -<s_inf>かいもん is colloquial</s_inf>
18.	A* 2022-06-22 01:01:19 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Would it not be better to have a separate col-tagged かいもん entry? I'm not sure it's worth cluttering the entry just to accommodate a significantly less common reading.
17.	A 2022-06-22 00:52:54 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	mk
	Diff:	@@ -38 +38,2 @@ -<s_inf>買いもん is colloquial</s_inf> +<pos>&vi;</pos> +<s_inf>かいもん is colloquial</s_inf>
16.	A* 2022-06-21 21:58:40 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Not sure if かいもん applies to 買い物 and 買物, but it's definitely not 買いもの
	Diff:	@@ -30,0 +31,3 @@ +<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買いもん</re_restr>
15.	A 2021-08-20 23:00:43 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	買い物 68063816 買物 4614770 買いもの 268422 買いもん 14236
	Comments:	It's so comparatively rare that I doubt it's worth mentioning.
14.	A* 2021-08-20 22:29:44 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	"col." isn't the most obvious abbreviation.
	Diff:	@@ -35 +35 @@ -<s_inf>買いもん is col.</s_inf> +<s_inf>買いもん is colloquial</s_inf>
13.	A 2021-08-19 23:36:39 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
12.	A* 2021-08-19 23:10:04 Nicolas Maia
	Comments:	買いもの 268422
	Diff:	@@ -14,0 +15,3 @@ +<keb>買いもの</keb> +</k_ele> +<k_ele> @@ -20,0 +24 @@ +<re_restr>買いもの</re_restr>
11.	A 2021-06-16 09:08:03 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	NVm, should have actually checked the kokugos.
10.	A* 2021-06-16 09:05:41 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Except for slang/colloquial terms, I think we've decided (in the recent past) NOT to tag things that 1) aren't marked as vs in the kokugos, 2) are more commonly "-をする"
9.	A 2021-06-16 06:01:31 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
8.	A* 2021-06-16 04:12:47 dine
	Refs:	daijr, daijs, meikyo, gakken, smk 買い物に行く 234071 買い物をする 855570 買い物する 377651
	Diff:	@@ -29,0 +30 @@ +<pos>&vs;</pos>
7.	A 2018-03-08 06:13:44 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I'll approve it for now. If anybosy objects, they can re-open it.
6.	A* 2018-03-01 01:02:35 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	買いもん 14236 買い物 68063816 買物 4614770 かいもの 238334 かいもん 13489
	Comments:	OK, putting it back, and removing the draft 買いもん entry.
	Diff:	@@ -13,0 +14,3 @@ +<k_ele> +<keb>買いもん</keb> +</k_ele> @@ -15,0 +19,2 @@ +<re_restr>買い物</re_restr> +<re_restr>買物</re_restr> @@ -19,0 +25,3 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>かいもん</reb> +</r_ele> @@ -21,0 +30 @@ +<s_inf>買いもん is col.</s_inf>
5.	A 2018-02-26 06:12:57 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I agree かいもん probably shouldn't be here. I've proposed a split.
	Diff:	@@ -20,3 +19,0 @@ -<r_ele> -<reb>かいもん</reb> -</r_ele>
4.	A* 2018-02-16 23:26:03 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I'm not sure if including these sorts of dialectal readings is a good idea. Wouldn't we have to be consistent with all -物 entries?
3.	A* 2018-02-13 17:57:14 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Since nobody has protested... I think 買いもん is too rare to be worth recording (esp. as it'll be rather messy). I can see why it's unusual too as the IME isn't helpful at all when you type かいもん (開門、海門、会モン、etc.)
	Diff:	@@ -19,0 +20,3 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>かいもん</reb> +</r_ele>
2.	A* 2018-02-09 09:33:07 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	鍋物 179878 なべもの 4030 鍋もん 1374 なべもん 567 買いもん 14236 買もん 78 買い物 68063816 買物 4614770 かいもの 238334 かいもん 13489
	Comments:	Scary prospect, but it seems that 買いもん, etc. are common enough to record somewhere.
1.	A* 2018-02-07 18:04:54 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail /q144851974 "買い物←「かいもん」って言います？私は『「かいもん」行って来るわ』って言うんだけど・・・。みなさんはどちらですか？「かいもん」って関西弁？？" "地域、人によって「もの」が「もん」になまるのではないでしょうか。私は大阪人ですが「物」「者」はよく「もん」と言います。例えば、食べ物たべもん生ものなまもん青物あおもん果物くだもん鍋物なべもん飲み物のみもん着る物きるもん履く物はくもん品物しなもん色物いろもん上物じょうもん安物やすもん本物ほんもん偽物にせもん瀬戸物せともん輸入物ゆにゅうもん翻訳物ほんやくもん書いた物かいたもん出来た物できたもんほめる者ほめるもん笑う者わらうもん喜ぶ者よろこぶもん怒る者おこるもん泣く者なくもん悲しむ者かなしむもんよそ者よそもん筋者すじもん横着者おうちゃくもん極道者ごくどうもん馬鹿者ばかもん" "名古屋出身の者です。 ”かいもん”って使ってましたよ．" "「もの(mono)」が省略された、または転訛して「もん(mon)」になっているだけでしょう。方言であるとは一概には言えないように思います。また、上品か下品かなんて比べようとする(または、決めつけようとする)人って、心が狭いと思いますが。「物」だけでなく「者」も「もん」になります。悪者→わるもん・・・他にもいっぱいありそうですね。" "大分寄り、山口寄り、の福岡県に住んでますが、「かいもん」って言います。多分、関西に限らず使ってる地域は結構あるのではないでしょうか？"
	Comments:	Do we want to record this pronunciation? There's a whole lot of -者/-物 entries we could add -もん readings to if we wanted. Also don't believe this is an adj-no.
	Diff:	@@ -22 +21,0 @@ -<pos>&adj-no;</pos>

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jmdict 1610300 Active (id: 1973842)
近寄せる [ichi1]
【ちかよせる [ichi1] 】

1.	[v1,vt] ▶ to bring close ▶ to bring near
2.	[v1,vt] ▶ to associate with (someone) ▶ to keep company with ▶ to let come close

Conjugations

History:

2.	A 2018-03-02 04:22:44 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 12:15:01 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daij, gg5
	Comments:	Splitting
	Diff:	@@ -15,2 +15,9 @@ -<gloss>to bring close to</gloss> -<gloss>to associate with</gloss> +<gloss>to bring close</gloss> +<gloss>to bring near</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&v1;</pos> +<pos>&vt;</pos> +<gloss>to associate with (someone)</gloss> +<gloss>to keep company with</gloss> +<gloss>to let come close</gloss>

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jmdict 1632180 Active (id: 1999904)

とも [spec1]

1.

[prt]
▶ certainly
▶ of course
▶ to be sure
▶ surely

2.

[prt]
《usu. with volitional verb or adj. stem》
▶ even if
▶ no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how)
▶ though
▶ although

3.

[prt]
《with neg. verb》
▶ without even
▶ without so much as

4.

[prt]
《after an adverb》
▶ at the (least, earliest, etc.)

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1421990 遅くとも 1. at the latest

5.

[exp]
▶ also (called)
▶ also as

6.

[prt]
《sometimes esp. an emphatic form of the particle と》
▶ well

History:

11.	A 2019-03-08 10:59:06 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -17 +17 @@ -<s_inf>usu. with vol. verb or adj. stem</s_inf> +<s_inf>usu. with volitional verb or adj. stem</s_inf>
10.	A* 2019-03-04 22:31:40 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	I think "also as" is a good translation for certain cases e.g. daijs: "エステティック《「エステティク」「エステティーク」とも》"
	Comments:	Could this note be clarified? "usu. with vol. verb or adj. stem" I think "vol. verb" is a little cryptic. Volume verb? Voluminous verb? Verb describing volume? And the note [note="sometimes esp. an emphatic form of the particle と"] as well - isn't "sometimes esp." a little clumsy?
	Diff:	@@ -37,0 +38 @@ +<gloss>also as</gloss>
9.	A 2018-03-02 04:29:40 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
8.	A* 2018-03-01 17:30:56 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	If there has to be a (real) gloss...
	Diff:	@@ -42 +42 @@ -<gloss>emphatic particle</gloss> +<gloss>well</gloss>
7.	A 2018-03-01 02:08:38 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	No longer working.
	Diff:	@@ -41,4 +40,0 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="1008490">と・1</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="1008490">と・2</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="1008490">と・3</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="1008490">と・4</xref>
(show/hide 6 older log entries)
6.	A 2014-04-01 02:18:35 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
5.	A* 2014-04-01 01:46:10 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Makino & Tsutsui DIJG. Their entry is all about sense 2. A good point about the volitional verbs. Looking in Tatoeba I see most sense 2 examples fit that pattern.
	Diff:	@@ -16,0 +17 @@ +<s_inf>usu. with vol. verb or adj. stem</s_inf>
4.	A* 2014-03-31 19:14:21 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	-i don't think this means "also" in the example you provided (=ともいう with the いう omitted). the と is acting as the quoting particle here, not as the 'and' particle, so usage in your example is restricted to "also being called" something. and i'm not convinced that it's a particle as opposed to an expression. this is already covered in the existing sense 5, albeit ambiguously. consider the case of daijr's example of「君－お別れだね」. it is certainly not translated as 'also' here... -not sure this is helpful, but it's in gg5, etc. -sense 6 should probably also be changed from prt to exp, but a gloss change would also be needed
	Diff:	@@ -34,0 +35,4 @@ +<pos>&exp;</pos> +<gloss>also (called)</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> @@ -43,4 +46,0 @@ -<sense> -<pos>&prt;</pos> -<gloss>also</gloss> -</sense>
3.	A* 2014-03-31 11:59:12 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	新和英中辞典 daij for example 敵討【かたきうち】仇討(あだうち)とも。 (百科事典マイペディア)
	Diff:	@@ -42,0 +43,4 @@ +<sense> +<pos>&prt;</pos> +<gloss>also</gloss> +</sense>
2.	A 2011-08-19 08:59:01 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2011-08-19 03:09:57 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	meikyo, gg5, etc.
	Comments:	i think "suf" is leftover from the other main entry for とも
	Diff:	@@ -9,1 +9,0 @@ -<pos>&suf;</pos> @@ -14,1 +13,1 @@ -<gloss>rather</gloss> +<gloss>surely</gloss> @@ -17,1 +16,0 @@ -<pos>&suf;</pos> @@ -21,0 +19,2 @@ +<gloss>though</gloss> +<gloss>although</gloss> @@ -23,1 +23,6 @@ -<pos>&suf;</pos> +<pos>&prt;</pos> +<s_inf>with neg. verb</s_inf> +<gloss>without even</gloss> +<gloss>without so much as</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> @@ -29,0 +34,9 @@ +<sense> +<pos>&prt;</pos> +<xref type="see" seq="1008490">と・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="1008490">と・2</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="1008490">と・3</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="1008490">と・4</xref> +<s_inf>sometimes esp. an emphatic form of the particle と</s_inf> +<gloss>emphatic particle</gloss> +</sense>

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jmdict 1676990 Active (id: 1973819)
公共組合
【こうきょうくみあい】

1.

[n]
▶ public partnership
▶ public corporation

History:

1.	A 2018-03-01 18:15:57 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5
	Diff:	@@ -12,0 +13 @@ +<gloss>public corporation</gloss>

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jmdict 1681040 Active (id: 1973841)
片言交じり
【かたことまじり】

1.

[n,adj-no]
▶ mixture of correct and broken speech

History:

2.	A 2018-03-02 04:22:08 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 15:24:18 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5, daij
	Comments:	More accurate
	Diff:	@@ -12 +12,2 @@ -<gloss>babbling</gloss> +<pos>&adj-no;</pos> +<gloss>mixture of correct and broken speech</gloss>

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jmdict 1692920 Active (id: 1973821)
邪法
【じゃほう】

1.	[n] ▶ heresy ▶ heretical teachings
2.	[n] ▶ black magic

History:

2.	A 2018-03-01 20:40:56 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 16:19:54 Johan Råde <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5 koj daijs
	Comments:	splitting senses
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<gloss>heresy</gloss> @@ -13 +14,4 @@ -<gloss>the black arts</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<gloss>black magic</gloss>

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jmdict 1737000 Active (id: 1973840)
水利 [news1,nf23]
【すいり [news1,nf23] 】

1.	[n] ▶ utilization of water ▶ water supply ▶ irrigation
2.	[n] ▶ water transportation ▶ navigability (e.g. of a river)

History:

2.	A 2018-03-02 04:21:49 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 18:19:34 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5, prog, daij
	Comments:	Splitting.
	Diff:	@@ -15,0 +16 @@ +<gloss>utilization of water</gloss> @@ -17,0 +19,3 @@ +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> @@ -18,0 +23 @@ +<gloss>navigability (e.g. of a river)</gloss>

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jmdict 1749260 Active (id: 1973867)
相談所 [news1,nf15]
【そうだんじょ [news1,nf15] ；そうだんしょ】

1.

[n]
▶ consultation office
▶ information center
▶ bureau
▶ agency

History:

2.	A 2018-03-02 11:14:25 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -19,0 +20 @@ +<gloss>information center</gloss> @@ -21 +21,0 @@ -<gloss>information center</gloss>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 10:32:53 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	GG5, etc.
	Comments:	Appears in names of many bodies (we have several XX相談所 entries). Seems to be read both ways.
	Diff:	@@ -13,0 +14,3 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>そうだんしょ</reb> +</r_ele> @@ -17,0 +21,2 @@ +<gloss>information center</gloss> +<gloss>agency</gloss>

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jmdict 1922890 Active (id: 1973745)

なぞる

1.	[v5r,vt] ▶ to trace (drawing) ▶ to follow
2.	[v5r,vt] ▶ to imitate ▶ to copy ▶ to reproduce

Conjugations

History:

5.	A 2018-03-01 00:10:43 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4.	A* 2018-02-28 13:14:56 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daij, koj
	Comments:	Added sense.
	Diff:	@@ -12,0 +13,7 @@ +<sense> +<pos>&v5r;</pos> +<pos>&vt;</pos> +<gloss>to imitate</gloss> +<gloss>to copy</gloss> +<gloss>to reproduce</gloss> +</sense>
3.	A 2016-12-06 03:36:54 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	GG5: なぞる【擦る】 trace; follow. -> 手本をなぞって(ペン)習字の練習をする trace model characters to practice one's penmanship. ＫＯＤ追加語彙: なぞる【擦る】 -> 彼の答弁は首相の所信表明演説をなぞったにすぎず, 具体性に欠けるものだった. His answers merely 「copied [repeated, parroted] the prime minister's general-policy speech and lacked specifics.
	Comments:	Clearly someone in Kenkyusha is convinced of that kanji form. I think we can do without it.
2.	A* 2016-12-03 19:04:12 Johan Råde <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5: kanji koj, daijs, daijr: no kanji
	Comments:	strange
1.	A* 2016-12-03 12:15:08 Robin Scott
	Comments:	According to Daijr and Daijs, なぞる has no kanji.
	Diff:	@@ -4,3 +3,0 @@ -<k_ele> -<keb>擦る</keb> -</k_ele> @@ -13 +9,0 @@ -<misc>&uk;</misc>

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jmdict 2029110 Rejected (id: 1973893)

な [spec1]

1.

[prt]
《prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb》
▶ don't

Cross references:
	⇐ see: 2751590 わいの 1. indicates emotion and emphasis

2.

[prt]
《imperative; used with masu stem verb》
▶ do

3.

[prt]
▶ hey
▶ listen
▶ you

4.

[prt]
《when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end》
▶ now

5.

[prt]
《used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end》
▶ wow
▶ o

History:

7.	R 2018-03-02 22:31:16 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I think this is a fork. I'll reject it and add it again.
6.	A* 2018-03-02 04:23:35 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I don't see how the [expl] glosses would be different from the notes, though...? I mean, if they are notes on usage, they should be in the notes. I've said it before on the mailing list though; I think we should let through senses which have notes but no gloss into the database.
5.	A* 2018-03-01 20:46:22 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I think [expl] glosses work much better here. The current glosses are confusing, in my opinion.
	Diff:	@@ -20,2 +20 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> @@ -33,2 +32 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref>
4.	A* 2018-03-01 17:33:51 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Senses 4 and 5.
	Diff:	@@ -20,2 +20,2 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> -<xref type="see">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> @@ -33,2 +33,2 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> -<xref type="see">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref>
3.	A* 2018-03-01 02:52:18 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	What's happened to the former sense 1? It has an example sentence and there's an xref pointing to it.
	Diff:	@@ -21 +21 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see">なあ</xref> @@ -34 +34 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see">なあ</xref>
(show/hide 2 older log entries)
2.	A* 2018-01-19 21:17:16 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	chujiten
	Comments:	A first attempt to improve this entry. It probably needs some work, still, not least to add the various meanings it can have in ksb...
	Diff:	@@ -10 +10,2 @@ -<gloss>(sentence end, mainly masc.) indicates emotion or emphasis</gloss> +<s_inf>prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb</s_inf> +<gloss>don't</gloss> @@ -14,3 +15,2 @@ -<misc>&abbr;</misc> -<s_inf>from なさい</s_inf> -<gloss>(used with masu stem verb) command</gloss> +<s_inf>imperative; used with masu stem verb</s_inf> +<gloss>do</gloss> @@ -20 +20,18 @@ -<gloss>(used with dictionary form verb) prohibition</gloss> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<gloss>hey</gloss> +<gloss>listen</gloss> +<gloss>you</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&prt;</pos> +<s_inf>when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end</s_inf> +<gloss>now</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&prt;</pos> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<s_inf>used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end</s_inf> +<gloss>wow</gloss> +<gloss>o</gloss>
1.	A 2005-03-05 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2029110 Rejected (id: 2072804)

な [spec1]

1.

[prt]
《prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb》
▶ don't

Cross references:
	⇐ see: 2751590 わいの 1. indicates emotion and emphasis

2.

[prt] [abbr]
《imperative; used with masu stem verb》
▶ do

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 2192950 【なさい】 1. do ...

3.

[int]
▶ hey
▶ listen
▶ you

4.

[prt]
《when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end》
▶ now, ...
▶ well, ...
▶ I tell you!
▶ you know

5.

[prt]
《used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end》
▶ wow
▶ ooh

History:

16.	R 2020-06-20 00:20:26 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Fork. Must be rejected.
15.	A* 2020-06-20 00:16:46 Nicolas Maia
	Comments:	I'm ok with Marcus's suggestion
14.	A* 2020-05-22 14:05:50 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I don't think it should be tagged as abbr (and I don't think the xref to なさい is helpful). daijr for example says 〔補助動詞「なさる」の命令の言い方「なさい」を省略したものからなさい is the etymology, it's not right to say it's an actual abbreviation of it today.
13.	A 2020-05-22 08:23:21 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Until 2018 there was a "from なさい" note,
12.	A* 2020-05-21 23:24:50 Nicolas Maia
	Refs:	https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2707/using-な-in-positive-instead-of-negative-imperative-e-g-行きな
	Diff:	@@ -14,0 +15,2 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="2192950">なさい</xref> +<misc>&abbr;</misc>
(show/hide 11 older log entries)
11.	A 2018-03-30 02:58:47 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	OK, let's close it for now.
10.	A* 2018-03-29 02:16:24 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	So to clarify my stance, I don't disagree with Robin that it's kind of dubious how helpful these glosses really are, but I prefer having them to moving what I think should obviously be usage notes to expl. I think we should try and be as consistent with our expl/note usage as possible.
9.	A* 2018-03-02 22:32:44 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Reopening. In a forked edit Marcus commented: I don't see how the [expl] glosses would be different from the notes, though...? I mean, if they are notes on usage, they should be in the notes. I've said it before on the mailing list though; I think we should let through senses which have notes but no gloss into the database.
8.	A 2018-03-02 22:31:40 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	OK. I'll approve to lock in this order and fix examples, and then reopen. I've suggested some extra glosses for 4 which match what I'm seeing.
	Diff:	@@ -28 +28,4 @@ -<gloss>now</gloss> +<gloss>now, ...</gloss> +<gloss>well, ...</gloss> +<gloss>I tell you!</gloss> +<gloss>you know</gloss> @@ -34 +37 @@ -<gloss>o</gloss> +<gloss>ooh</gloss>
7.	A* 2018-03-02 18:30:51 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I just don't think it's helpful to translate a particle like this (perhaps with the exception of sense 1). I don't associate "do" with imperative sentences and I think it's impossible to come up with translations for senses 4 and 5. I can't see how "now", "wow" and "o" would aid with translation or understanding. Since we can't just have notes, I'd make [expl] glosses out of the notes.
	Diff:	@@ -19 +19 @@ -<pos>&prt;</pos> +<pos>∫</pos>
6.	A* 2018-03-02 17:08:19 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	But sense 1 was previously literally just "emotionality/emphasis". "emphasis" is in sense 4 and "emotionality" is in sense 5.
5.	A* 2018-03-02 09:19:24 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Having trouble seeing it. There are 200+ sentences for the former sense 1, e.g. 「相変わらず短気だな」麗華の拳をいなしながら言う。"Short tempered as ever." He said while dodging Reika's fist. 「金なら貸さないからな」、俺はにべもなく言った。"If it's money then I'm not lending any" I said point blank. I can't see then fitting senses 4 or 5, but they're fine for the old sense 1. (Something odd going on with xrefs.)
	Diff:	@@ -20,2 +20 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> @@ -33,2 +31,0 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref>
4.	A* 2018-03-01 17:33:51 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Senses 4 and 5.
	Diff:	@@ -20,2 +20,2 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> -<xref type="see">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> @@ -33,2 +33,2 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> -<xref type="see">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref>
3.	A* 2018-03-01 02:52:18 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	What's happened to the former sense 1? It has an example sentence and there's an xref pointing to it.
	Diff:	@@ -21 +21 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see">なあ</xref> @@ -34 +34 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see">なあ</xref>
2.	A* 2018-01-19 21:17:16 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	chujiten
	Comments:	A first attempt to improve this entry. It probably needs some work, still, not least to add the various meanings it can have in ksb...
	Diff:	@@ -10 +10,2 @@ -<gloss>(sentence end, mainly masc.) indicates emotion or emphasis</gloss> +<s_inf>prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb</s_inf> +<gloss>don't</gloss> @@ -14,3 +15,2 @@ -<misc>&abbr;</misc> -<s_inf>from なさい</s_inf> -<gloss>(used with masu stem verb) command</gloss> +<s_inf>imperative; used with masu stem verb</s_inf> +<gloss>do</gloss> @@ -20 +20,18 @@ -<gloss>(used with dictionary form verb) prohibition</gloss> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<gloss>hey</gloss> +<gloss>listen</gloss> +<gloss>you</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&prt;</pos> +<s_inf>when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end</s_inf> +<gloss>now</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&prt;</pos> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<s_inf>used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end</s_inf> +<gloss>wow</gloss> +<gloss>o</gloss>
1.	A 2005-03-05 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml

jmdict 2029110 Active (id: 2167230)

な [spec1] ；なあ [spec1] ；なー [spec1] ；なぁ

1.

(な only) [prt]
《prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb》
▶ don't

Cross references:
	⇐ see: 2834340 すんな 1. don't
	⇐ see: 2751590 わいの 1. indicates emotion and emphasis

2.

(な only) [prt]
《imperative (from なさい); used with -masu stem of verb》
▶ do

3.

[int]
《used to get someone's attention or press one's point》
▶ hey
▶ listen
▶ look
▶ say

4.

[prt]
《when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end》
▶ now, ...
▶ well, ...
▶ I tell you!
▶ you know

5.

[prt]
《used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end》
▶ wow
▶ ooh

6.

[prt] Dialect: ksb
《used as a request for confirmation or agreement; used at sentence end》
▶ right?
▶ isn't it?
▶ doesn't it?
▶ don't you?
▶ don't you think?

History:

25.	A 2021-12-02 01:14:36 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	From deleted entry.
	Diff:	@@ -32,0 +33 @@ +<s_inf>used to get someone's attention or press one's point</s_inf> @@ -35 +36,2 @@ -<gloss>you</gloss> +<gloss>look</gloss> +<gloss>say</gloss>
24.	A 2021-11-01 10:50:59 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	aligning w other senses (but not sure which is best)
	Diff:	@@ -53 +53 @@ -<s_inf>at sentence end; used as a request for confirmation or agreement</s_inf> +<s_inf>used as a request for confirmation or agreement; used at sentence end</s_inf>
23.	A 2021-11-01 09:39:44 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
22.	A* 2021-11-01 00:42:10 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/663842052fda2bba03b7dc8a247d5afad9653f97 "真面目だったなぁ。"
	Diff:	@@ -14,0 +15,3 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>なぁ</reb>
21.	A* 2021-10-30 08:03:24 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	https://news.yahoo.co.jp/articles/44f25ca79e3a0c1195675b0c24c26bbb943f4fc1 なんかあっという間に終わったなあっていう、何も感じなかったっていうのが正直な感想。
	Comments:	suggest merging in なあ as it can be used for 3 out of 5 senses here. adding one ksb sense also (though there's more), copied it from ね
	Diff:	@@ -7,0 +8,8 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>なあ</reb> +<re_pri>spec1</re_pri> +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>なー</reb> +<re_pri>spec1</re_pri> +</r_ele> @@ -8,0 +17 @@ +<stagr>な</stagr> @@ -13,0 +23 @@ +<stagr>な</stagr> @@ -20,2 +29,0 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> @@ -38,0 +47,10 @@ +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&prt;</pos> +<s_inf>at sentence end; used as a request for confirmation or agreement</s_inf> +<dial>&ksb;</dial> +<gloss>right?</gloss> +<gloss>isn't it?</gloss> +<gloss>doesn't it?</gloss> +<gloss>don't you?</gloss> +<gloss>don't you think?</gloss>
(show/hide 20 older log entries)
20.	A 2020-08-25 07:06:56 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -15 +15 @@ -<s_inf>imperative (from なさい); used with masu stem verb</s_inf> +<s_inf>imperative (from なさい); used with -masu stem of verb</s_inf>
19.	A 2020-06-20 16:12:58 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Nicolas: No worries. Jim: looks better.
18.	A* 2020-06-20 11:24:08 Nicolas Maia
	Comments:	Just to be clear, I don't do it on purpose.
17.	A* 2020-06-20 00:25:57 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Nicolas (forked comment): "I'm ok with Marcus's suggestion." Please note that comments and amendments MUST be attached to the most recent addition. Attaching a comment to an earlier one creates a "fork" in the flow of amendments, which can only be resolved by rejecting a branch.
16.	A* 2020-06-19 23:09:55 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Well, I've implemented my suggestion from last month. OK?
	Diff:	@@ -15,2 +15 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2192950">なさい</xref> -<s_inf>imperative; used with masu stem verb</s_inf> +<s_inf>imperative (from なさい); used with masu stem verb</s_inf>
15.	A* 2020-05-22 21:10:34 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I'd missed the addition of "abbr"; I agree it's not. I'd prefer a note about なさい, as there was earlier. Reinstate and remove xref?
	Diff:	@@ -16 +15,0 @@ -<misc>&abbr;</misc>
14.	A* 2020-05-22 14:05:50 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I don't think it should be tagged as abbr (and I don't think the xref to なさい is helpful). daijr for example says 〔補助動詞「なさる」の命令の言い方「なさい」を省略したものからなさい is the etymology, it's not right to say it's an actual abbreviation of it today.
13.	A 2020-05-22 08:23:21 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Until 2018 there was a "from なさい" note,
12.	A* 2020-05-21 23:24:50 Nicolas Maia
	Refs:	https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/2707/using-な-in-positive-instead-of-negative-imperative-e-g-行きな
	Diff:	@@ -14,0 +15,2 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="2192950">なさい</xref> +<misc>&abbr;</misc>
11.	A 2018-03-30 02:58:47 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	OK, let's close it for now.
10.	A* 2018-03-29 02:16:24 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	So to clarify my stance, I don't disagree with Robin that it's kind of dubious how helpful these glosses really are, but I prefer having them to moving what I think should obviously be usage notes to expl. I think we should try and be as consistent with our expl/note usage as possible.
9.	A* 2018-03-02 22:32:44 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Reopening. In a forked edit Marcus commented: I don't see how the [expl] glosses would be different from the notes, though...? I mean, if they are notes on usage, they should be in the notes. I've said it before on the mailing list though; I think we should let through senses which have notes but no gloss into the database.
8.	A 2018-03-02 22:31:40 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	OK. I'll approve to lock in this order and fix examples, and then reopen. I've suggested some extra glosses for 4 which match what I'm seeing.
	Diff:	@@ -28 +28,4 @@ -<gloss>now</gloss> +<gloss>now, ...</gloss> +<gloss>well, ...</gloss> +<gloss>I tell you!</gloss> +<gloss>you know</gloss> @@ -34 +37 @@ -<gloss>o</gloss> +<gloss>ooh</gloss>
7.	A* 2018-03-02 18:30:51 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I just don't think it's helpful to translate a particle like this (perhaps with the exception of sense 1). I don't associate "do" with imperative sentences and I think it's impossible to come up with translations for senses 4 and 5. I can't see how "now", "wow" and "o" would aid with translation or understanding. Since we can't just have notes, I'd make [expl] glosses out of the notes.
	Diff:	@@ -19 +19 @@ -<pos>&prt;</pos> +<pos>∫</pos>
6.	A* 2018-03-02 17:08:19 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	But sense 1 was previously literally just "emotionality/emphasis". "emphasis" is in sense 4 and "emotionality" is in sense 5.
5.	A* 2018-03-02 09:19:24 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Having trouble seeing it. There are 200+ sentences for the former sense 1, e.g. 「相変わらず短気だな」麗華の拳をいなしながら言う。"Short tempered as ever." He said while dodging Reika's fist. 「金なら貸さないからな」、俺はにべもなく言った。"If it's money then I'm not lending any" I said point blank. I can't see then fitting senses 4 or 5, but they're fine for the old sense 1. (Something odd going on with xrefs.)
	Diff:	@@ -20,2 +20 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> @@ -33,2 +31,0 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref>
4.	A* 2018-03-01 17:33:51 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Senses 4 and 5.
	Diff:	@@ -20,2 +20,2 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> -<xref type="see">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> @@ -33,2 +33,2 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> -<xref type="see">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ・1</xref>
3.	A* 2018-03-01 02:52:18 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	What's happened to the former sense 1? It has an example sentence and there's an xref pointing to it.
	Diff:	@@ -21 +21 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see">なあ</xref> @@ -34 +34 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see">なあ</xref>
2.	A* 2018-01-19 21:17:16 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	chujiten
	Comments:	A first attempt to improve this entry. It probably needs some work, still, not least to add the various meanings it can have in ksb...
	Diff:	@@ -10 +10,2 @@ -<gloss>(sentence end, mainly masc.) indicates emotion or emphasis</gloss> +<s_inf>prohibitive; used with dictionary form verb</s_inf> +<gloss>don't</gloss> @@ -14,3 +15,2 @@ -<misc>&abbr;</misc> -<s_inf>from なさい</s_inf> -<gloss>(used with masu stem verb) command</gloss> +<s_inf>imperative; used with masu stem verb</s_inf> +<gloss>do</gloss> @@ -20 +20,18 @@ -<gloss>(used with dictionary form verb) prohibition</gloss> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<gloss>hey</gloss> +<gloss>listen</gloss> +<gloss>you</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&prt;</pos> +<s_inf>when seeking confirmation, for emphasis, etc.; used at sentence end</s_inf> +<gloss>now</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&prt;</pos> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2100620">なあ</xref> +<s_inf>used to express admiration, emotionality, etc.; used at sentence end</s_inf> +<gloss>wow</gloss> +<gloss>o</gloss>
1.	A 2005-03-05 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2069620 Active (id: 1979841)

はあ；はー；は；はぁ；はあっ；はーッ；ハーッ

1.

[int]
▶ yes
▶ indeed
▶ well

2.

[int]
▶ ha!

3.

[int]
▶ what?
▶ huh?

Cross references:
	⇐ see: 2194050 えっ 1. huh?; what's up?

4.

[int]
▶ sigh

History:

6.	A 2018-05-23 03:08:42 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	"モデルで女優の中田クルミもツイッターで「日大広報部のコメントに驚愕。生徒を矢面に立たせて、あんな責任逃れな言い訳発表するだけなんてありえない…。母校に対してこんなモヤモヤした気持ち抱きたくないよ。はぁ」と悲しんだ。" https://www.daily.co.jp/gossip/2018/05/23/0011283626.shtml
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12,3 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>はぁ</reb>
5.	A 2018-03-19 04:18:30 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	A couple of weeks have passed. Time to close it.
4.	A* 2018-03-01 00:42:48 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Merging from 2648370. I'm not sure they really apply to sense 4.
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12,9 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>はあっ</reb> +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>はーッ</reb> +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>ハーッ</reb>
3.	A 2018-02-27 06:11:42 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2.	A* 2018-02-25 07:19:17 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	https://miyearnzzlabo.com/archives/47549 (transcript of a radio show) "（ジェーン・スー）あと、たとえばこの相談者さんがなにか、体になかなかしっかり働けない事情があるとか、あとはどうしても自分が稼いだお金を使わなきゃいけない兄弟とか親とかがいるっていうことがあって、これも全部納得済みて結婚したんだけど状況が変わってしまった。どうしたらいいでしょうか？っていう相談だったらまだ、聞けると思うんですけど。これね、「夫が『仕事を辞める』と言い出して、それに対して『うん』と言って大きな心で構えてあげられない自分自身が嫌です」っていう風な相談に聞こえますけど、違いますからね。条件と違う仕様のものが納品されたことに対して、クレーム言ってるだけですからね。（蓮見孝之）はー。"
	Diff:	@@ -5,0 +6,3 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>はー</reb>
(show/hide 1 older log entries)
1.	A 2005-12-22 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2070740 Active (id: 1973744)
ド阿呆；ど阿呆；怒阿呆；度阿呆
【ドあほ (ド阿呆)；どあほ (ど阿呆, 怒阿呆, 度阿呆)；どあほう (ど阿呆, 怒阿呆, 度阿呆)；ドアホ (nokanji)；どアホ (nokanji) 】

1.

[n] [uk] Dialect: ksb
▶ total idiot

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1586600 【あほ】 1. fool; idiot; simpleton

History:

3.	A 2018-03-01 00:09:37 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2.	A* 2018-02-28 21:30:17 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	G n-grams: ど阿呆 2182 ド阿呆 4129 どアホ 12028 ドアホ 20839
	Comments:	I don't think it's strong/vulgar enough for a gloss like that.
	Diff:	@@ -3,0 +4,3 @@ +<k_ele> +<keb>ド阿呆</keb> +</k_ele> @@ -13,0 +17,4 @@ +<reb>ドあほ</reb> +<re_restr>ド阿呆</re_restr> +</r_ele> +<r_ele> @@ -14,0 +22,3 @@ +<re_restr>ど阿呆</re_restr> +<re_restr>怒阿呆</re_restr> +<re_restr>度阿呆</re_restr> @@ -17,0 +28,7 @@ +<re_restr>ど阿呆</re_restr> +<re_restr>怒阿呆</re_restr> +<re_restr>度阿呆</re_restr> +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>ドアホ</reb> +<re_nokanji/> @@ -29 +45,0 @@ -<gloss>fuck-wit</gloss>
1.	A 2005-12-22 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2099750 Active (id: 1973839)
幾つでも
【いくつでも】

1.	[adv] [uk] ▶ great many ▶ ever so many
2.	[adv] [uk] 《preceding よい, 構わない, etc.》 ▶ any number ▶ as few or as many (as you like) ▶ whether large or small

History:

5.	A 2018-03-02 04:20:54 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4.	A* 2018-03-01 17:38:35 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	meikyo (sense 2): "《下に「よい」「構わない」など許容の意を表す語を伴い》個数・年齢の大小にこだわらないで、許容できる意を表す。いくつ…てもよい。文脈的には「多くても少なくてもよい」「多く（または、少なく）てもよい」の意となる。「出品数に特別の規定はない。─よい」「─いいから買って下さい」"
	Diff:	@@ -13 +13 @@ -<gloss>any number of</gloss> +<gloss>great many</gloss> @@ -15,0 +16,8 @@ +<sense> +<pos>&adv;</pos> +<misc>&uk;</misc> +<s_inf>preceding よい, 構わない, etc.</s_inf> +<gloss>any number</gloss> +<gloss>as few or as many (as you like)</gloss> +<gloss>whether large or small</gloss> +</sense>
3.	A 2011-09-12 00:42:52 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2.	A* 2011-09-11 05:31:13 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	meikyo
	Diff:	@@ -11,1 +11,1 @@ -<pos>&exp;</pos> +<pos>&adv;</pos>
1.	A 2006-09-06 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2130420 Active (id: 1973767)

てば；ってば

1.	[prt] [col] 《indicates emotional closeness or annoyance with someone》 ▶ speaking of
2.	[prt] [col] 《indicates annoyance (in sentence-final position)》 ▶ (I told you) already ▶ come on

History:

7.	A 2018-03-01 02:40:50 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
6.	A* 2018-01-31 07:16:09 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daijr "〔「と言えば」の転。話し言葉でのくだけた言い方に用いられる。「ん」で終わる語に付く場合以外は、すべて「ってば」の形をとる〕"
	Diff:	@@ -12 +12,3 @@ -<gloss>indicates emotional closeness or annoyance with someone</gloss> +<misc>&col;</misc> +<s_inf>indicates emotional closeness or annoyance with someone</s_inf> +<gloss>speaking of</gloss> @@ -16 +18,4 @@ -<gloss>indicates annoyance (in sentence-final position)</gloss> +<misc>&col;</misc> +<s_inf>indicates annoyance (in sentence-final position)</s_inf> +<gloss>(I told you) already</gloss> +<gloss>come on</gloss>
5.	A 2017-07-18 23:45:26 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	GG5 seems to agree.
	Comments:	OK
4.	A* 2017-07-04 22:45:04 Alan Cheng <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daijr, daijs, koj
	Comments:	Sentence-final usage isn't restricted to commands, e.g. 「もういいってば！」
	Diff:	@@ -16 +16 @@ -<gloss>indicates an indirect command by expressing annoyance (in sentence-final position)</gloss> +<gloss>indicates annoyance (in sentence-final position)</gloss>
3.	A 2011-01-28 10:59:11 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
(show/hide 2 older log entries)
2.	A* 2011-01-28 09:13:22 midori
	Comments:	change "a" to "an"
	Diff:	@@ -16,1 +16,1 @@ -<gloss>indicates a indirect command by expressing annoyance (in sentence-final position)</gloss> +<gloss>indicates an indirect command by expressing annoyance (in sentence-final position)</gloss>
1.	A 2007-01-21 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2210280 Active (id: 1973758)

ないか

1.

[exp]
《used to ask a question in the negative》
▶ won't
▶ hasn't
▶ isn't
▶ doesn't

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 2210270 ませんか 1. won't (hasn't, isn't, doesn't, etc.)
	⇒ see: 2210270 ませんか 2. won't you

2.

[exp]
《used to make invitations, express desires or give indirect commands》
▶ won't you

History:

3.	A 2018-03-01 02:00:15 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2.	A* 2018-02-20 22:52:15 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -10 +10,5 @@ -<gloss>(used to ask a question in the negative) won't (hasn't, isn't, doesn't, etc.)</gloss> +<s_inf>used to ask a question in the negative</s_inf> +<gloss>won't</gloss> +<gloss>hasn't</gloss> +<gloss>isn't</gloss> +<gloss>doesn't</gloss> @@ -14 +18,2 @@ -<gloss>(used to make invitations, express desires or give indirect commands) won't you</gloss> +<s_inf>used to make invitations, express desires or give indirect commands</s_inf> +<gloss>won't you</gloss>
1.	A 2007-10-06 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2229180 Active (id: 2175305)
いい度胸；良い度胸；よい度胸
【いいどきょう (いい度胸, 良い度胸)；よいどきょう (良い度胸, よい度胸) 】

1.

[exp,n,vs,vi]
▶ some nerve (as in "you have some nerve to ...")

Conjugations

History:

9.	A 2022-01-21 16:48:14 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -27 +27,2 @@ -<gloss>some nerve (as in "you must have some nerve to ...")</gloss> +<pos>&vi;</pos> +<gloss>some nerve (as in "you have some nerve to ...")</gloss>
8.	A* 2022-01-21 03:08:42 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Better with normal quotation marks, I feel
	Diff:	@@ -27 +27 @@ -<gloss>some nerve (as in 'you must have some nerve to ...')</gloss> +<gloss>some nerve (as in "you must have some nerve to ...")</gloss>
7.	A 2022-01-21 02:18:51 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I preferred it as it was. A non-native speaker might think it referred to nerve tissue.
	Diff:	@@ -27 +27 @@ -<gloss>some nerve</gloss> +<gloss>some nerve (as in 'you must have some nerve to ...')</gloss>
6.	A* 2022-01-20 13:17:31 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Does "some nerve" really need an explanation? Can only have one meaning, no?
	Diff:	@@ -27 +27 @@ -<gloss>some nerve (as in 'you must have some nerve to ...')</gloss> +<gloss>some nerve</gloss>
5.	A 2018-03-01 08:27:57 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	いい度胸 28559 良い度胸 5217 よい度胸 140
	Comments:	Its not an adjective, so there's no inflection issues.
	Diff:	@@ -9,0 +10,3 @@ +<k_ele> +<keb>よい度胸</keb> +</k_ele> @@ -11,0 +15,7 @@ +<re_restr>いい度胸</re_restr> +<re_restr>良い度胸</re_restr> +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>よいどきょう</reb> +<re_restr>良い度胸</re_restr> +<re_restr>よい度胸</re_restr>
(show/hide 4 older log entries)
4.	A* 2018-01-22 02:54:50 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	N-grams: よい度胸 140
3.	A 2015-10-26 22:12:14 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2.	A* 2015-10-26 14:59:31 luce
	Diff:	@@ -5 +5 @@ -<keb>良い度胸</keb> +<keb>いい度胸</keb> @@ -8 +8 @@ -<keb>いい度胸</keb> +<keb>良い度胸</keb> @@ -13,0 +14 @@ +<pos>&exp;</pos>
1.	A 2007-11-18 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2513540 Active (id: 1973753)
そのこと自体；その事自体
【そのことじたい】

1.

[exp]
▶ that in itself
▶ as such

History:

4.	A 2018-03-01 01:06:25 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -11 +11 @@ -<reb>そのことじたいは</reb> +<reb>そのことじたい</reb>
3.	A 2018-03-01 00:49:22 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	そのこと自体は 18305 その事自体は 2333 そのこと自体 58365 その事自体 7656
	Comments:	Yes, drop it (no sound clip)
	Diff:	@@ -5 +5,4 @@ -<keb>そのこと自体は</keb> +<keb>そのこと自体</keb> +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>その事自体</keb> @@ -12,0 +16 @@ +<gloss>as such</gloss>
2.	A* 2018-02-25 04:03:13 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Not sure this should be an entry...? If it if should be, should it lose the は?
	Diff:	@@ -12 +12 @@ -<gloss>as such ....</gloss> +<gloss>that in itself</gloss>
1.	A 2009-08-24 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2527710 Active (id: 1973757)

のか

1.	[prt] 《sentence ending particle》 ▶ [expl] endorsing and questioning the preceding statement
2.	[prt] 《sentence ending particle》 ▶ [expl] lamenting reflections on the preceding statement

History:

3.	A 2018-03-01 01:59:39 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2.	A* 2018-02-22 03:57:36 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -9,2 +9,7 @@ -<gloss>endorsing and questioning the preceding statement (sentence ending particle)</gloss> -<gloss>lamenting reflections on the preceding statement (sentence ending particle)</gloss> +<s_inf>sentence ending particle</s_inf> +<gloss g_type="expl">endorsing and questioning the preceding statement</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&prt;</pos> +<s_inf>sentence ending particle</s_inf> +<gloss g_type="expl">lamenting reflections on the preceding statement</gloss>
1.	A 2009-11-14 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2529510 Active (id: 1973759)

がね

1.

[prt] [arch]
▶ (positive sentence end) I dare say
▶ (negative sentence end) though, honestly

History:

3.	A 2018-03-01 02:00:50 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Yes, leave it.
2.	A* 2018-02-22 03:55:52 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daijr がね（終助）〔上代語〕文末にあって、動詞の連体形に接続する。意志や命令などを表す前段を受けて、その意志や命令などの理由・目的を明らかにする意を表す。…であるから。…するために。…するように。「梅の花われは散らさじあをによし平城ならなる人も来つつ見る－／万葉集 1906」「大夫は名をし立つべし後の代に聞きつぐ人も語りつぐ－／万葉集 4165」〔本来は名詞だったものともいわれる〕がね（接尾）名詞に付いて、…するためのもの、…の料の意を表す。中古には、候補者の意に用いる。「高行くや速総別はやぶさわけの御襲みおすい－／古事記下」「この婿－によみて／伊勢 10」
	Comments:	I was going to move the stuff in the brackets into a usage note, but this is rather confusing and I'm not sure to what extent the original gloss is correct. If nobody is confident in fixing it, I think we should just delete it.
	Diff:	@@ -8,0 +9 @@ +<misc>&arch;</misc>
1.	A 2010-03-18 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2648370 Deleted (id: 1973754)

はあっ；はーッ；ハーッ

1.

[int]
《acknowledging a superior》
▶ Yes sir
▶ Yes ma'am

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1010080 はい 1. yes; that is correct

History:

6.	D 2018-03-01 01:44:18 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	はあっ 4799960 はーッ 2220 ハーッ 4825 but はあっ 4799737 はあった 3103775 はあって 1467739
	Comments:	So it's は + あった/あって that gets the counts. Probably best dropped.
5.	A* 2018-02-27 07:40:53 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	What's the source for this entry, though? I've just done a cursory search, but... I'm not finding any support for this.　The only thing I've found is this entry in a Chinese-Japanese dictionary: https://cjjc.weblio.jp/content/ハー�% 83 （寒い時に息を吸う音）ハーッ
4.	A 2018-02-27 06:14:00 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I can't see it fitting with all senses of はあ, and probably only with sense 1 in a more emphatic way. Probably better to keep them apart.
3.	A* 2018-02-25 07:18:00 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Was there no source provided for this? Is it correct? I think it should be merged with　はあ;は
2.	A 2011-07-19 10:17:31 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="1010080">はい</xref> -<s_inf>Acknowledging a superior.</s_inf> -<gloss>Yes sir.</gloss> -<gloss>Yes ma'am.</gloss> +<xref type="see" seq="1010080">はい・1</xref> +<s_inf>acknowledging a superior</s_inf> +<gloss>Yes sir</gloss> +<gloss>Yes ma'am</gloss>
(show/hide 1 older log entries)
1.	A* 2011-07-19 06:35:58 Nils Roland Barth <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Common in kyōgen.

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jmdict 2828785 Active (id: 1973899)
密室の暴力
【みっしつのぼうりょく】

1.

[exp,n]
▶ violence behind closed doors
▶ domestic violence

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1987460 ドメスティックバイオレンス 1. domestic violence
	⇒ see: 1192340 家庭内暴力【かていないぼうりょく】 1. household violence (esp. adolescent children towards parents); domestic violence

History:

6.	A 2018-03-02 23:04:00 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	OK.
	Diff:	@@ -16,2 +15,0 @@ -<misc>&obsc;</misc> -<s_inf>euphemism</s_inf>
5.	A* 2018-03-02 22:49:50 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	8 hits on google books, among them: 女性のデータブック: 性・からだから政治参加まで (1999) "密室の暴力" "密室の暴力親密な関係における男性から女性への暴力(強制力)をドメスティック,バイオレンスという。" 6 hits on twitter since Jan 1
	Comments:	I think it's helpful. Certainly not immediately understandable from its constituent parts. Not sure I agree it's euphemistic though? Is "violence behind closed doors" a euphemism? You're not masking the "violence" part, so I think not. Also not sure it's really uncommon enough to tag as [obsc].
	Diff:	@@ -17,0 +18 @@ +<gloss>violence behind closed doors</gloss>
4.	A* 2018-03-02 03:34:45 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Isn't the use of 密室 being euphemistic? I suggest keeping it with some tags.
	Diff:	@@ -12,0 +13,4 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="1987460">ドメスティックバイオレンス</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="1192340">家庭内暴力・かていないぼうりょく</xref> +<misc>&obsc;</misc> +<s_inf>euphemism</s_inf>
3.	D* 2018-03-01 22:15:51 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	G n-grams: 54 6 pages of Google results
	Comments:	I don't think this is worth keeping. It's A+B and not the common term for domestic violence.
2.	A 2016-03-07 00:36:12 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I see passages that use it also refer to "DV".
	Diff:	@@ -10,0 +11 @@ +<pos>&exp;</pos>
(show/hide 1 older log entries)
1.	A* 2016-03-06 09:24:40 Ruth McCreery <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	for example, http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/ruru_koko_kiki/34005245.html

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jmdict 2834650 Active (id: 1973742)
遠慮なければ近憂あり；遠慮無ければ近憂あり
【えんりょなければきんゆうあり】

1.

[exp] [proverb]
▶ [lit] plan ahead or you will soon have worries

History:

2.	A 2018-03-01 00:06:03 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-02-11 21:21:45 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daij jawikt kotowaza-allguide https://alcom.alc.co.jp/communities/1948/entries/show/40627 2

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jmdict 2834887 Deleted (id: 1973752)
買いもん
【かいもん】

1.

[n] [col]
▶ shopping
▶ purchased goods

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1589730 買い物 1. shopping; purchased goods

History:

4.	D 2018-03-01 01:03:03 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	OK, canning it.
3.	A* 2018-02-26 06:51:40 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	http://www.mo-hawaii.com/chabin/1257.html "私なんてワープロを触りだした初期の頃「買い物」を『かいもん』と入れて　変換されないのが何でか分からんかったのよぉ～～"
2.	A* 2018-02-26 06:34:44 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	It's broadly a western Japan thing. In the original submission, the chiebukuro link attested use in Kansai, Nagoya, and Fukuoka. http://mamastar.jp/bbs/comment.do?topicId=2763356 here we also get Hiroshima, Miyazaki, and even an eastern Japanese outlier in Niigata.
	Comments:	I'm not sure I think a split is a good idea (I began making a comment on 買い物 but the split happened before I was able to post the comment). Pronouncing 物 as もん is a thing even in Kanto (though apparently only when it's by itself, e.g. not in 買い物). I think 買い物 has to be the first kanji and then that's 2/3 right there. It's used so widely (e.g. not just Kansai) that I think it belongs in the main 買い物 entry.
1.	A* 2018-02-26 06:12:03 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	買いもん 14236 かいもん 13489
	Comments:	Splittimg. I think it's common enough to record somewhere. Is it ksb?

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jmdict 2834912 Active (id: 1973816)
微笑外交；微笑み外交
【ほほえみがいこう】

1.

[n]
▶ smile diplomacy

History:

3.	A 2018-03-01 18:07:26 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	G n-grams: 微笑外交 2121
	Diff:	@@ -3,0 +4,3 @@ +<k_ele> +<keb>微笑外交</keb> +</k_ele>
2.	A 2018-03-01 06:21:52 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	微笑み外交 323
	Comments:	I'm looking for a pithy explanation, but it's eluding me.
1.	A* 2018-02-28 09:23:29 huixing
	Refs:	https://www.weblio.jp/content/微笑外交

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jmdict 2834917 Active (id: 1973771)
幼児退行
【ようじたいこう】

1.

[n] {medicine}
▶ infantile regression

History:

2.	A 2018-03-01 06:09:48 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	幼児退行 5145 https://narcissisticbehavior.net/understanding-the-phenomenon-of-infantile-regression-in-relation-to-narcissistic-victim-syndrome/
	Comments:	Quite a few pages support the basic gloss.
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<field>&med;</field> @@ -13 +13,0 @@ -<gloss>regression to an earlier stage of childhood development</gloss>
1.	A* 2018-02-28 09:55:26 huixing
	Refs:	https://dic.pixiv.net/a/幼児退行

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jmdict 2834921 Active (id: 1974516)
時鮭；時しらず；時知らず；とき知らず
【ときしらず；ときざけ (時鮭)；トキシラズ (nokanji)；トキザケ (nokanji) 】

1.

[n]
▶ summer-catch salmon

History:

5.	A 2018-03-17 00:42:25 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	David isn't revisiting this one so I'll push it through.
4.	A* 2018-03-06 08:11:24 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Google n-grams: 時鮭 21205 ときしらず 14810 ときざけ 32 トキザケ 108 トキシラズ 5126 時知らず 3795 とき知らず 399 時しらず 14075
	Comments:	WWW images confirm all the above. Plenty of hits saying ときざけ and ときしらず are the same thing.
	Diff:	@@ -6,0 +7,9 @@ +<k_ele> +<keb>時しらず</keb> +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>時知らず</keb> +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>とき知らず</keb> +</k_ele> @@ -8 +17,9 @@ -<reb>ときしらず、ときざけ</reb> +<reb>ときしらず</reb> +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>ときざけ</reb> +<re_restr>時鮭</re_restr> +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>トキシラズ</reb> +<re_nokanji/>
3.	A* 2018-03-05 01:27:09 David Chigusa <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	The word I encountered that prompted me to submit this entry was ときしらず, not ときざけ. Also, a Google search in Japanese for ときさけ　brings up ときしらず　first, not ときさけ。Therefore, I think this reading should be changed to ときしらず、or at least include it.
	Diff:	@@ -8 +8 @@ -<reb>ときざけ</reb> +<reb>ときしらず、ときざけ</reb>
2.	A 2018-03-01 01:58:03 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Daijr
	Diff:	@@ -8 +8,5 @@ -<reb>ときしらず</reb> +<reb>ときざけ</reb> +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>トキザケ</reb> +<re_nokanji/>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 00:55:38 David Chigusa <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	http://rausu.co.jp/tokishirazu/

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jmdict 2834922 Active (id: 1973764)
樹木園
【じゅもくえん】

1.

[n]
▶ arboretum

History:

2.	A 2018-03-01 02:10:17 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 01:44:51 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5, eij https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/樹木園

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jmdict 2834923 Active (id: 1973982)

パピーミル；パピー・ミル

1.

[n]
▶ puppy mill
▶ puppy farm

Cross references:
	⇐ see: 2834944 子犬工場【こいぬこうじょう】 1. puppy mill; puppy farm

History:

3.	A 2018-03-06 21:47:30 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_mill
	Diff:	@@ -12,0 +13 @@ +<gloss>puppy farm</gloss>
2.	A 2018-03-01 02:12:22 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	リーダーズ+プラス
1.	A* 2018-03-01 02:01:55 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daijr/s

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jmdict 2834924 Active (id: 1973815)
時無し大根；時なし大根
【ときなしだいこん；トキナシダイコン (nokanji) 】

1.

[n]
▶ year-round white daikon

History:

2.	A 2018-03-01 18:05:56 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	G n-grams: 時無し大根 314 時なし大根 247
	Diff:	@@ -5,0 +6,3 @@ +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>時なし大根</keb>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 02:11:23 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Daijr, GG5

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jmdict 2834925 Active (id: 1973808)
裏戸
【うらど】

1.

[n]
▶ backdoor
▶ back door

History:

2.	A 2018-03-01 17:40:42 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 05:37:45 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Daijr, リーダーズ+プラス

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jmdict 2834926 Active (id: 1973809)
生活習慣
【せいかつしゅうかん】

1.

[n]
▶ lifestyle
▶ way of living

History:

2.	A 2018-03-01 17:41:32 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 10:00:03 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	GG5, etc. N-grams: 1873259

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jmdict 2834927 Active (id: 1973814)
水利組合
【すいりくみあい】

1.

[n]
▶ irrigation association
▶ water utilization association

History:

2.	A 2018-03-01 18:03:41 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 10:26:05 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Koj, Daijr, GG5, etc. etc. N-grams: 1698682
	Comments:	Apparently a type of co-op.

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jmdict 2834928 Active (id: 1973781)
多頭
【たとう】

1.	[adj-no] ▶ many-headed ▶ hydra-headed
2.	[adj-no] ▶ large-scale (e.g. breeding)

History:

2.	A 2018-03-01 11:25:05 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 11:04:12 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5, daij

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jmdict 2834929 Active (id: 1973782)
多頭政治
【たとうせいじ】

1.

[n]
▶ polyarchy

History:

2.	A 2018-03-01 11:25:24 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 11:07:26 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5, eij, daij

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jmdict 2834930 Active (id: 1973813)
地域住民
【ちいきじゅうみん】

1.

[n]
▶ local resident

History:

2.	A 2018-03-01 17:53:49 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 11:24:33 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	GG5, 中辞典, etc. N-grams: 1655846
	Comments:	A bit A+Bish, but common and a standard term.

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jmdict 2834931 Active (id: 1973847)
多頭石斧
【たとうせきふ】

1.

[n]
▶ stone axe with multiple cutting edges (Jōmon period)

History:

2.	A 2018-03-02 04:31:08 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 11:39:11 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daijr

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jmdict 2834932 Active (id: 1973810)
天然石
【てんねんせき】

1.

[n]
▶ native rock
▶ natural rock

History:

2.	A 2018-03-01 17:42:40 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 11:42:49 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	GG5, JLD, Goitaikei. N-grams: 1581763

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jmdict 2834933 Active (id: 2150124)
情報局
【じょうほうきょく】

1.

[n]
▶ intelligence agency
▶ intelligence bureau

2.

[n] [hist,abbr]
▶ Cabinet Intelligence Bureau (1940-1945)

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 2626420 内閣情報局 1. Cabinet Intelligence Bureau (1940-1945); Cabinet Information Board

History:

5.	A 2021-10-07 12:49:58 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -17,0 +18 @@ +<misc>&hist;</misc>
4.	A 2018-03-02 11:20:15 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Ok. Didn't check those refs.
3.	A* 2018-03-02 04:09:09 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	ルミナス: 情報局 intelligence bureau 中辞典: 中央情報局〈米国の〉 the Central Intelligence Agency 《略: CIA》 http://www.afpbb.com/articles/-/2508533?pid=3234228 : "英国情報局"..
	Comments:	Daijr & GG5 do that, but the other JEs are more general. I suspect it's also now a generic term.
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12,5 @@ +<gloss>intelligence agency</gloss> +<gloss>intelligence bureau</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> @@ -12,0 +18 @@ +<misc>&abbr;</misc>
2.	A* 2018-03-01 18:15:03 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/情報局
	Comments:	The refs direct to this.
	Diff:	@@ -12,3 +12,2 @@ -<gloss>intelligence agency</gloss> -<gloss>intelligence bureau</gloss> -<gloss>information board</gloss> +<xref type="see" seq="2626420">内閣情報局</xref> +<gloss>Cabinet Intelligence Bureau (1940-1945)</gloss>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 11:45:53 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Daijr, GG5, etc. N-grams: 1580194

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jmdict 2834934 Active (id: 1973837)
多頭飼い
【たとうがい】

1.

[n]
▶ owning multiple animals (esp. pets of the same kind)

History:

2.	A 2018-03-02 03:49:40 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 11:46:15 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daijs G n-grams: 183371

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jmdict 2834935 Active (id: 1973836)
多頭飼育
【たとうしいく】

1.

[n]
▶ large-scale breeding

History:

2.	A 2018-03-02 03:49:20 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 11:47:46 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	gg5 G n-grams: 20230

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jmdict 2834936 Active (id: 1973811)
転職サイト
【てんしょくサイト】

1.

[n]
▶ career change site
▶ job change site

History:

2.	A 2018-03-01 17:52:13 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 11:48:01 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	ＫＯＤ追加語彙. N-grams: 1580161

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jmdict 2834937 Active (id: 1973835)
磨製
【ませい】

1.

[adj-no]
▶ made by grinding stone

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1671730 磨製石器 1. ground stone tool; polished stone tool

History:

2.	A 2018-03-02 03:49:05 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 11:50:50 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daijr

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jmdict 2834938 Active (id: 2274373)
役所；役どころ [sK]
【やくどころ】

1.	[n] ▶ assigned role ▶ duty ▶ position
2.	[n] ▶ suitable role ▶ best-suited job

History:

4.	A 2023-08-13 20:46:07 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	役所 1,576,536 91.2% 役どころ 152,388 8.8%
	Diff:	@@ -8,0 +9 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
3.	A* 2023-08-13 17:45:54
	Diff:	@@ -5,0 +6,3 @@ +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>役どころ</keb>
2.	A 2018-03-01 17:53:32 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 11:52:16 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Daijr, GG5, ルミナス
	Comments:	No relations to 役所/やくしょ.

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jmdict 2834939 Active (id: 2190373)
縦横家
【じゅうおうか；しょうおうか】

1.

[n] [hist]
▶ School of Diplomacy (school of thought during the Warring States period in China)

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 2047250 諸子百家 1. Hundred Schools of Thought (during China's Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period)

History:

4.	A 2022-06-13 08:44:43 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -15,3 +15,3 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2047250">諸子百家・しょしひゃっか</xref> -<gloss>School of Diplomacy</gloss> -<gloss g_type="expl">one of the Schools of Thought during the Warring States period in China</gloss> +<xref type="see" seq="2047250">諸子百家</xref> +<misc>&hist;</misc> +<gloss>School of Diplomacy (school of thought during the Warring States period in China)</gloss>
3.	A 2018-03-02 11:19:28 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daijr, daijs, nikk
	Comments:	I think it's worth having.
	Diff:	@@ -9,0 +10,3 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>しょうおうか</reb> +</r_ele>
2.	A* 2018-03-02 03:48:43 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Koj
	Comments:	Here? Enamdict? Drop it?
	Diff:	@@ -12 +12,3 @@ -<gloss>school of diplomacy</gloss> +<xref type="see" seq="2047250">諸子百家・しょしひゃっか</xref> +<gloss>School of Diplomacy</gloss> +<gloss g_type="expl">one of the Schools of Thought during the Warring States period in China</gloss>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 14:55:50 huixing
	Refs:	https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/縦横家

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jmnedict 5334284 Deleted (id: 1973777)
児童相談所
【じどうそうだんしょ】

1.

[place]
▶ Jidousoudansho

History:

1.	D 2018-03-01 10:37:04 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	In JMdict. Not a named entity.

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1.	[adv,adj-no] [uk] ▶ many ▶ much ▶ plenty
2.	[adv] [uk] 《in neg. sentence》 ▶ hardly

2.	A 2018-03-02 03:27:33 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2018-03-01 15:34:22 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	daij, meikyo
	Comments:	Added sense.
	Diff:	@@ -10,0 +11 @@ +<pos>&adv;</pos> @@ -14 +15,8 @@ -<gloss>great number of</gloss> +<gloss>much</gloss> +<gloss>plenty</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&adv;</pos> +<misc>&uk;</misc> +<s_inf>in neg. sentence</s_inf> +<gloss>hardly</gloss>

JMdictDB - Japanese Dictionary Database

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