General Information

Entries in the dictionaries held in the JMdictDB database are entered and edited using the JMdictDB Edit Language (JEL). It allows one to enter the core information of an entry in three text boxes (Kanji, Readings, Meanings) rather than the dozens of text boxes that would be required if every dictionary field used a separate text box for its entry. The syntax of JEL is similar to EDICT but with modifications to facilitate machine parsing. There is also a Quick Overview of JEL available for getting started. Please read and follow the JMdict/EDICT Editorial Policy when making submissions.

General Syntax Rules

The Edit Entry Form consists of a number of text boxes for entering information about an entry, but there are three that accept and parse JEL text: the Kanji, Readings, and Meanings boxes.

In the Kanji and Readings boxes, enter the entry's kanji form and readings. If the entry has more than one of either, separate them with semicolons; either ASCII or JIS semicolons can be used. Whitespace (including newlines) will be stripped from the beginning and end of each kanji and reading. If the Japanese is written only in kana, omit the Kanji part.

Enter meanings (aka glosses) in the Meanings box. Glosses are grouped into "senses", i.e. sets of related meanings, and each sense starts with a sense number enclosed in square brackets, e.g. [1]. This is followed by one or more glosses. When there is more than one gloss, they are separated by (ASCII) semicolons. If a gloss contains any semicolon (;) or left bracket ([) characters, they must be escaped with a backslash character (\). Whitespace (including newlines) is stripped from the beginning and end of each gloss. The actual numbers used in sense numbers are not significant: when entered into the database, senses will be ordered starting from 1 in the order they occur regardless of the sense numbers used in the Meanings box. Note that sense numbers are not tags (described below); they must not contain any characters (including whitespace) other than the number and cannot be grouped with other tags.

Tags

Tags provide extra information that applies to individual kanji, readings, senses, and glosses. Tags are enclosed in square brackets: [...]. Any number of tags, separated by commas, can be given inside a single pair of square brackets, and multiple sets of square brackets may be used, for example [n,vs] and [n][vs] will have identical effect. Kanji part and reading tags are given after the kanji or reading they apply to (and before the semicolon that preceedes the following kanji part or reading. Sense tags can occurs before or after any gloss and will apply to the entire sense. Gloss tags may occur before or after the gloss they apply to.

Tags are grouped into different types. For example there is a set of part-of-speech (pos) tags having values like n (noun), v5u (Godan verb), etc., and are used in senses. The tags in the "Kanji info" group provide information about kanji parts and have values like ateji (phonetic reading) and iK (word containing irregular kanji usage). Case is significant in tags; ik is not the same as iK.

See Tag Syntax for a list of tag groups and where each group may be used. See Keyword abbreviations for lists of the actual tag values in each group.

Some tags take arguments (see *note below) and are given in the form, tag_type=tag_value. In some cases the tag may be given multiple arguments separated by semicolons: tag_type=tag_value1;tag_value2;.... Some tags can be be given in the form, tag_type=tag_value, or just tag_value. Note that if the first form is used, multiple values are separated with semicolons (tag_type=tag_value1;tag_value2;...) but in the second form multiple values are separated with commas (tag_value1,tag_value2,...).

When tag values contains any of the ascii characters, <space> : ; , = / [ ], or the JIS characters, <space> ・ ／ ； 、, the tag value should be quoted with double quotes: [note="This is: a quoted text"]. This is commonly needed when creating an xref or restr tag that contains a "dotted" kanji or reading, for example [restr="アジア・太平洋戦争"]. To include a double quote character in quoted text, preceed it with a backslash (\) character.

Other tags, for example "lsrc" which is used to label the source language of a gairaigo, have formats specific to them.

Specifics on tags, their values, and their use, are given in the Kanji, Readings, Meanings, and Tag Syntax sections below.

*Note: Actually, all tags can be given in the form tag_type=tag_value. v5u is exactly equivalent to pos=v5u. The short form is usually more convenient, but the longer form may sometimes be needed to avoid misinterpretations. For example, lit can be the value of a gloss tag (literal gloss) or a language (Lithuanian). Since [lit] will be interpreted as "literal" when used with a gloss, you will need to use [lang=lit] if you want to provide a gloss in Lithuanian.

Edit Form Informational Fields

These boxes provide information about the entry being edited and are not changable. Depending on the JMdictDB configuration, not all of these boxes may be displayed. The same information is displayed in the Entry and Edit Confirmation forms.

Stat

The status of this entry. Every entry has one of three statuses: Active (A), Deleted (D) Rejected (R). Additionally, every entry is either Unapproved (the status code is followed by an asterisk, "*"), or Approved (status code not followed by asterisk.) (abbrs)

Id

The database id number of this entry. Every entry (or more specifically, every version of an entry produced by an edit) has a unique id number in the database. This number is assigned by the system automatically and cannot be manually changed, although the system may change it sometimes.

Seq

The sequence number assigned to the entry. In general, all different versions (edits) of an entry will have the same sequence number. If not explicitly set, a new entry will be assigned an automatically generated sequence number. Only registered editors may explicitly set a sequence number on a new entry or change a sequence number on an existing one. (See the Editor Only section below.)

Src note

Information about the source of this entry. Only registered editors can change this. (See the Editor Only section below.)

Entr note

Information about this entry as a whole. Information pertaining to any of the meanings of this entry should go in sense notes in the appropriate sense(s). Only registered editors can change this. (See the Editor Only section below.)

Edit Form Input Boxes

Corpus

The corpus in which the entry exists or (for new entries) should be entered. (abbrs) In some cases, the corpus value will be selectable when editing an entry; in other cases it will be preset and only registered editors can change it. (See the Editor Only section below.)

Kanji

Enter the kanji form(s) of the word or expression, separated by semicolons (either Western or Japanese semicolons are ok). Kanji information (syntax, abbrs) and frequency (syntax, abbrs) tags, enclosed in square brackets ([]) may optionally follow any kanji (before the semicolon if present.)

• Every kanji form listed must contain at least one kanji or other non-kana character. (In this case, the "sokuon" (ー) vowel extension character is regarded as a kana character.)
• If the word being entered is written only in kana, leave this field blank and enter the kana in the Reading box.
• Kanji forms should be listed in order of "commonness": the most commonly used kanji form first, the most rarely used last.
• Multiple sets of bracketed tags may be given.
• Multiple tags may occur in within a single pair of brackets, separated by commas.
• Order of tags is not significant.
• Conflicting tags (e.g. nf14 and nf19) may not be applied to the same kanji.
• Frequency tags are only processed when submitted by registered editors. If you are not registered, you should should note in the Comments section any freq tags you believe should be applied.

Example: 缶 [ateji,ichi1,news1][nf6] ； 罐 [ateji,oK ]

Readings

Enter the readings/kana forms used for this word, separated by semicolons (either Western or Japanese semicolons are ok.) Reading information tags (syntax, abbrs), frequency tags (syntax, abbrs), or restrictions (syntax) enclosed in square brackets ([]) may optionally follow any reading (before the semicolon if present.

• Readings may not contain any non-kana characters.
• Readings should be listed in order of "commonness": the most commonly used reading first, the most rarely used last.
• Multiple sets of bracketed tags may be given.
• Multiple tags may occur in within a single pair of brackets, separated by commas.
• Order of tags is not significant.
• Conflicting tags (e.g. nf14 and nf19) may not be applied to the same reading.
• Frequency tags are only processed when submitted by registered editors. If you are not registered, you should should note in the Comments section any frequency tags you believe should be applied.
• Use a restriction tag to indicate when a reading is only used with a subset of the kanji forms listed in the Kanji box.
• If multiple kanji forms are used with an "restr" tag, separate them with a semicolon (ASCII or JIS). However if you give multiple restriction kanji forms without an explicit "restr" tag, separate them with commas (ASCII or JIS): じゃがいも[restr=じゃが芋;馬鈴薯] or じゃがいも[じゃが芋,馬鈴薯]
• If a kana form is not associated with any kanji, use a "restr=nokanji" tag or equivalently but more simply, just a "nokanji" tag. (This typically occurs with plant and animal names where the katakana form is not normally associated with the kanji form.)

Examples: のり [gikun,ichi1,news2][nf38] ; ノリ[ichi1,news2,nf38]
じゃがいも [spec1,restr=じゃが芋;馬鈴薯] ； ジャガイモ [nokanji]

Meanings

Enter meanings (glosses), and their associated tags in the Meanings box. Group them into senses, i.e. sets of related meanings.

• Each sense starts with a sense number in brackets, e.g., "[1]".
• Sense numbers are not significant other than to signify the start of a new sense. When the entry is added to the database, senses will be numbered from 1 in the order they occured in the Meanings text box, regardless of the actual sense numbers used.
• Following the sense number are any number of sense tags, glosses and gloss tags, which may be freely intermixed.
• Multiple glosses in a sense are separated by semicolons. Glosses do not need to be enclosed in quotes. even when they contain space characters. Gloss tags (see below) are considered part of the gloss. Example:
  This is gloss 1 [lit]; [fig] This is gloss 2; This is gloss 3
  
• If a gloss contains left bracket ([) or semicolon (;) characters, those characters must be escaped by preceeding them with a backlslash (\). Example:
  This is a single gloss\; even though it contains a semicolon Note that right brackets (]) are not escaped.
• Sense tags are enclosed in square brackets. Multiple tags may occur in within a single pair of brackets, separated by commas. Sense tag apply to the entire sense, no matter where they appear textully in the sense.
• Line breaks are not significant: senses do not have to start on new lines, and glosses and tags may extend over several lines.
• Sense tag values, and specifically part-of-speech tags, are not propagated to following senses. If sense [2] is a noun, you must explicity say so, even though sense [1] was a noun.
• Sense tags are:
  • ant -- An antonym cross-reference (syntax)
  • dial -- Dialect (syntax, abbrs)
  • fld -- Domain (syntax, abbrs)
  • lsrc -- Source word and language (syntax, abbrs)
  • misc -- Misc sense tags (syntax, abbrs)
  • note -- Sense-related notes (syntax)
  • pos -- Grammatical part-of-speech (syntax, abbrs)
  • restr -- Reading and kanji restrictions (syntax). An explicit "restr=" is optional and any untagged kanji or kana string will taken as a kanji or reading restriction respectively.
  • see -- A "see also" cross reference (syntax)
• The syntax of gloss information (or ginf) tags is the same as for sense tags but ginf tags apply only to the gloss they are adjacent to. They may occur before or after the gloss they apply to. There are two type of gloss tags: translation type tags (syntax, abbrs) and gloss language tags (syntax, abbrs). Each gloss can have only one translation tag and one language tag.
• The most frequently use translation tag is:
  • equ -- Equivalent translation. This is the default if no other translation tag is given.
  • See the Ginf tags list (abbrs) for other values.
• Ginf language tags are:
  • lang -- Value can be any of the three-letter language codes from ISO-639-2. This tag indicate the language of the associated gloss. If not given, the default is "eng" (english). Note that if you want to give a Lithuanian ("lit") gloss, you must use [lang=lit] as [lit] will be interpreted as the gloss translation tag, "literal". (abbr)
• When you add a cross reference using a [see=] or [ant=] tag, the cross reference will also appear in the referenced entry under the heading, "References to this sense".

Examples:
[1][n,vs] cherry blossom viewing; flower viewing

Produces results identical to the preceeding example:
[1] cherry blossom viewing [vs];
  flower viewing [n]

[1][exp] anyone can make a mistake
 [lit] even monkeys fall from trees

[1][pn,adj-no][uk,col]
 that person (guy, fellow)
[2][pn][adj-no] that (one)

[1][int,col] Go for it (kiddy talk)
[2] Keep at it
 [see=頑張って]

[1][n] [note="possibly from 八九三"]
  professional gambler or ruffian;
  yakuza (member)

[1][exp] welcome; [fre] bienvenue!
[note="greeting used in shops, etc."]

Delete

Click this checkbox if you wish the entire entry to be deleted. Please enter the case for deletion in the Comments and References boxes. These will be preserved in the stub entry used to record deletions. There is no point in changing the entry content and any such changes are ignored.

References

Enter sources that validate the entry or entry changes being made. This is a free form text field and can include example text using the entry.
Examples: Daijirin, 広辞苑, 新和英大辞典第５版 (often abbreviated to "GG5".)

Comments

Enter any comments you want the editors to read when reviewing this entry. These comments will be added to the historical record of this entry. This is a free form text field.

Name

Your full name. Consistently using the same name will allow to easily search for your submissions later.

Email

Your email address. Required if you want email notification of actions taken that affect your submission. This will not be publically disclosed. Email notification not implemented yet.

Editor-only Input Boxes

The following items will only be visible if you are logged in as an editor.

Action

Dropdown box with the following choices:

• Submit -- Submit the entry as pending, just as a non-logged in sumitter would.
• Approve -- The entry will be approved. The entries that this entry is based on will be deleted, and the current entry will become the active entry.
• Reject -- The current entry will be marked rejected, and all entries it was based on, except the original entry will be deleted. The original entry will remain as the active entry.

Seq

Specify an explicit sequence number for this entry. (Normally this field will be left blank and an edit of an existing entry will keep the same sequence number, a new entry will automatically be assigned the next available sequence number.)

Src Note

Enter a source note. This should provide additional information useful for identifying or locating this entry within the corpus. For example, "page 104" or, "sci.lang.japan MessageId:ltb0jenj$jcd$1@ns.src.ricoh.co.jp" The text should either be self-describing, or use a consistent format and interpretation for all the srcnotes of a particular corpus.

Entr Note

Enter an entry note. This is ad hoc information that applies to the entry as a whole. Information specific to a sense (even if there is only one sense) should go in a sense note.

Groups

Groups that this entry will be assigned to. Enter group names or group Id numbers separated by semi-colons (";") if more than one. Each group name or id number may optionally be followed by a period (".") and an order number. If the same group is given more than once only the last occurance will be used on.

Tag Syntax

Tag group	Tag	Description	Where used	Format	Examples
dial	kwds	Dialect	Senses	[dial=kw] or just [kw]	[ksb] [dial=ksb]
ginf	kwds	Translation type	Gloss	[kw] gloss text... (1) Since "equ" (equivalent translation) is the default ginf value for glosses, it will rarely need to be specified explicitly. (2) The tag can placed at either the beginning or end of the gloss text.	there are no birds in last year's nest [lit] there aren't always loach under the willow tree [expl] good luck does not always repeat itself
fld	kwds	Domain, aka field-of-application tags	Senses	[fld=kw] or just [kw]	[food] [fld=mil]
freq	kwds	Frequency-of-use codes	Kanji, Readings	[freq=kw] or just [kw]	[ichi1] [freq=ichi1] [news1,nf8]
kinf	kwds	Kanji information	Kanji	[kinf=kw] or just [kw]	[ateji] [kinf=ik]
lang	kwds	Language	Senses (applies to gloss)	[xxx] gloss text... (1) Specifies the language of the associated gloss. "xxx" is a three-letter code from ISO-639-2. See language keywords for a full list. (2) The tag can placed at either the beginning or end of the gloss text. (3) If not given, default is "eng" (english).	[eng] welcome!; [fre] bienvenue!
lsrc	lsrc	Source language and word.	Senses	lsrc=lng/wp:text] (1) "lng" is an optional three-letter language code from ISO-639-2. See language keywords for a full list. If not given, default is "eng" (English). (2) "wp:" optional and is either w: (wasei), p: (partial), or wp: (wasei and partial). A slash character is used to separate the "lng" and "wp" arguments and should not be given unless both arguments are given. The ":" is required. (3) "text" is optional. If given it must be enclosed in quotes (&) if it contains spaces, commas, slashes or other special characters. Otherwise quotes are not needed.	[lsrc=por:] [lsrc=ger:Arbeit] [lsrc=eng/w:"eye mate"] [lsrc=eng/w:outerior] [lsrc=ice]
misc	kwds	Miscellaneous sense information	Senses	[misc=kw] or just [kw]	[sl,derog] [misc=uk]
note	note	Ad-hoc sense information.	Senses	[note="the note text..."] (1) The text must be enclosed in quotes (&) if it contains spaces or commas. Otherwise quotes are not needed.	[note="misspelling of こんにちは"]
pos	kwds	Part-of-speech information	Senses	[pos=kw] or just [kw]	[n,vs] [pos=n,pos=adj-na]
rinf	kwds	Reading information	Readings	[rinf=kw] or just [kw]	[ok] [rinf=ik]
restr	restr	Reading and sense restrictions.	Readings, Senses	[XX,XX,...] [restr=XX;XX;...] [restr=nokanji] [nokanji] (1) If the tag is in the Reading section, the XX's must be kanji strings occuring in the Kanji section. (2) If the tag is in the Reading section, XX may be "nokanji". When "nokanji", no other XX's may be used on the reading the tag applies to. (3) If the tag is in a Sense, the XX's may be either kana strings that occur in the Reading section, or kanji strings that occur in the Kanji section. (4) Restr tags are not allowed in the Kanji section. (5) Multiple reading or kanji restriction text may follow the "restr=" part; separate them with ASCII or JIS semicolons. (6) The "restr=" part is optional, you can also just put the kanji or reading restriction text in brackets (separated by ASCII or JIS commas). (7) To create a restr tag to a kanji or reading that contains a "・" character or other special characters such as numerics, put the kanji or reading inside double quotes.	[惚け、呆け] [restr=惚け；呆け] [惚け][restr=呆け] [nokanji] [restr="アジア・太平洋戦争"] [一人一人,"１人１人"]
xref	see, ant	Cross-reference	Senses	(a) [TYP=SEQ CORP・KK・RR[sense-nums]] (b) [TYP=KK・RR CORP[sense-nums]] (1) TYP can be either "see" or "ant": see: See also (a general cross reference) ant: Antonym (2) SEQ is the sequence number of the of the cross reference target. CORP is the corpus name containing the cross reference target and is only needed if different than the entry being edited. KK is the kanji of the cross reference target, RR is its reading. sense-nums is the specific sense(s) in the target being referenced. At least one of SEQ, KK, or RR must be given. (3-form a) If SEQ is given, KK and RR are optional and if given will be used when displaying the xref. If KK and/or RR are not given, a suitable KK/RR pair for display will be selected automatically. (4-form b) SEQ・ may be left out if KK and/or RR are supplied and uniquely identify a single target entry. The kanji (KK・ part) or reading (・RR part) may be left out if the remaining part still uniquely identifies the target entry. (5) In other words, the difference between the two forms is: The xref target is uniquely identified by SEQ (and CORP if given.) KK/RR are used only when displaying the xref. The xref target is identified by searching for KK and RR (in corpus CORP if given, in the current corpus if not) and the xref will be unresolved if there are mutiple or no entries that match. (6) sense-nums is optional if the target word has only one sense. Otherwise, it must be given. Multiple sense numbers can be given, separated by commas. (7) To make an cross reference to a kanji or reading entry that contains a "・" character, put the kanji or reading in double quotes. (8) When an entry is displayed, it will show cross references to other entries with a right-pointing arrow (⇒). These cross references will appear as [see=...] or [ant=...] tags in the edit page and can be edited directly. Cross references shown with a left-pointing arrow (⇐) are references to this entry from another one and won't appear on the edit page. To change these, edit the other entry. A bi-directional arrow (⇔) indicates each entry has a cross reference to the other.	[see=涼しい・すずしい[1]] [ant=暑い[1,2]] [see=1006830・その[1]] [see="スポーツ・ファン"] [see=万事 jmnedict]

Keyword abbreviations

Rinf -- reading info
gikun	gikun (meaning as reading) or jukujikun (special kanji reading)	1
go	on-yomi, go	130
ik	word containing irregular kana usage	3
jouyou	approved reading for jouyou kanji	105
kan	on-yomi, kan	129
kanyou	on-yomi, kan\'you	132
kun	kun-yomi	106
name	reading used only in names (nanori)	103
ok	out-dated or obsolete kana usage	2
on	on-yomi	128
rad	reading used as name of radical	104
rk	rarely used kana form	5
sk	search-only kana form	4
tou	on-yomi, tou	131
Kinf -- kanji info
ateji	ateji (phonetic) reading	5
iK	word containing irregular kanji usage	1
ik	word containing irregular kana usage	4
io	irregular okurigana usage	2
oK	word containing out-dated kanji or kanji usage	3
rK	rarely used kanji form	6
sK	search-only kanji form	7
Freq -- frequency-of-use metrics The Freq keywords below denote the frequency-of-use scale. They are always followed by a number that gives a value on that scale. The valid numbers for gai, ichi, news, and spec is 1 or 2. For nf it is 1 through 48. Thus, you can use "ich1" or "ichi2" but not "ichi3", or "nf27" but not "nf49".
gai	Common loanwords based on wordfreq file, 1-2	2
ichi	Ranking from "Ichimango goi bunruishuu", 1-2.	1
news	Ranking in wordfreq file, 1-2	7
nf	Ranking in wordfreq file, 1-48	5
spec	Ranking assigned by JMdict editors, 1-2	4
Misc -- miscellaneous sense info
abbr	abbreviation	2
aphorism	aphorism (pithy saying)	82
arch	archaic	3
char	character	174
chn	children's language	4
col	colloquial	5
company	company name	184
creat	creature	175
dated	dated term	86
dei	deity	176
derog	derogatory	6
doc	document	178
euph	euphemistic	29
ev	event	172
fam	familiar language	8
fem	female term, language, or name	9
fict	fiction	160
form	formal or literary term	88
given	given name or forename, gender not specified	189
group	group	179
hist	historical term	87
hon	honorific or respectful (sonkeigo) language	11
hum	humble (kenjougo) language	12
id	idiomatic expression	13
joc	jocular, humorous term	28
leg	legend	162
m-sl	manga slang	14
male	male term, language, or name	15
myth	mythology	161
net-sl	Internet slang	85
obj	object	173
obs	obsolete term	17
on-mim	onomatopoeic or mimetic word	27
organization	organization name	191
oth	other	177
person	full name of a particular person	188
place	place name	182
poet	poetical term	26
pol	polite (teineigo) language	19
product	product name	185
proverb	proverb	81
quote	quotation	83
rare	rare term	18
relig	religion	170
sens	sensitive	25
serv	service	171
ship	ship name	193
sl	slang	21
station	railway station	190
surname	family or surname	181
uk	word usually written using kana alone	22
unclass	unclassified name	183
vulg	vulgar expression or word	24
work	work of art, literature, music, etc. name	192
X	rude or X-rated term (not displayed in educational software)	1
yoji	yojijukugo	84
Pos -- part-of-speech info
adj-f	noun or verb acting prenominally	56
adj-i	adjective (keiyoushi)	1
adj-ix	adjective (keiyoushi) - yoi/ii class	7
adj-kari	'kari' adjective (archaic)	63
adj-ku	'ku' adjective (archaic)	64
adj-na	adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyodoshi)	2
adj-nari	archaic/formal form of na-adjective	66
adj-no	nouns which may take the genitive case particle 'no'	3
adj-pn	pre-noun adjectival (rentaishi)	4
adj-shiku	'shiku' adjective (archaic)	65
adj-t	'taru' adjective	5
adv	adverb (fukushi)	6
adv-to	adverb taking the 'to' particle	8
aux	auxiliary	9
aux-adj	auxiliary adjective	10
aux-v	auxiliary verb	11
conj	conjunction	12
cop	copula	15
ctr	counter	51
exp	expressions (phrases, clauses, etc.)	13
int	interjection (kandoushi)	14
n	noun (common) (futsuumeishi)	17
n-adv	adverbial noun (fukushitekimeishi)	18
n-pr	proper noun	67
n-pref	noun, used as a prefix	20
n-suf	noun, used as a suffix	19
n-t	noun (temporal) (jisoumeishi)	21
num	numeric	24
pn	pronoun	61
pref	prefix	25
prt	particle	26
suf	suffix	27
unc	unclassified	98
v-unspec	verb unspecified	68
v1	Ichidan verb	28
v1-s	Ichidan verb - kureru special class	29
v2a-s	Nidan verb with 'u' ending (archaic)	59
v2b-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with 'bu' ending (archaic)	81
v2b-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with 'bu' ending (archaic)	93
v2d-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with 'dzu' ending (archaic)	79
v2d-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with 'dzu' ending (archaic)	90
v2g-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with 'gu' ending (archaic)	77
v2g-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with 'gu' ending (archaic)	86
v2h-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with 'hu/fu' ending (archaic)	80
v2h-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with 'hu/fu' ending (archaic)	92
v2k-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with 'ku' ending (archaic)	76
v2k-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with 'ku' ending (archaic)	85
v2m-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with 'mu' ending (archaic)	82
v2m-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with 'mu' ending (archaic)	94
v2n-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with 'nu' ending (archaic)	91
v2r-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with 'ru' ending (archaic)	84
v2r-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with 'ru' ending (archaic)	96
v2s-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with 'su' ending (archaic)	87
v2t-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with 'tsu' ending (archaic)	78
v2t-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with 'tsu' ending (archaic)	89
v2w-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with 'u' ending and 'we' conjugation (archaic)	97
v2y-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with 'yu' ending (archaic)	83
v2y-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with 'yu' ending (archaic)	95
v2z-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with 'zu' ending (archaic)	88
v4b	Yodan verb with 'bu' ending (archaic)	74
v4g	Yodan verb with 'gu' ending (archaic)	70
v4h	Yodan verb with 'hu/fu' ending (archaic)	60
v4k	Yodan verb with 'ku' ending (archaic)	69
v4m	Yodan verb with 'mu' ending (archaic)	75
v4n	Yodan verb with 'nu' ending (archaic)	73
v4r	Yodan verb with 'ru' ending (archaic)	53
v4s	Yodan verb with 'su' ending (archaic)	71
v4t	Yodan verb with 'tsu' ending (archaic)	72
v5aru	Godan verb - -aru special class	30
v5b	Godan verb with 'bu' ending	31
v5g	Godan verb with 'gu' ending	32
v5k	Godan verb with 'ku' ending	33
v5k-s	Godan verb - Iku/Yuku special class	34
v5m	Godan verb with 'mu' ending	35
v5n	Godan verb with 'nu' ending	36
v5r	Godan verb with 'ru' ending	37
v5r-i	Godan verb with 'ru' ending (irregular verb)	38
v5s	Godan verb with 'su' ending	39
v5t	Godan verb with 'tsu' ending	40
v5u	Godan verb with 'u' ending	41
v5u-s	Godan verb with 'u' ending (special class)	42
v5uru	Godan verb - Uru old class verb (old form of Eru)	43
vi	intransitive verb	44
vk	Kuru verb - special class	45
vn	irregular nu verb	52
vr	irregular ru verb, plain form ends with -ri	58
vs	noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru	46
vs-c	su verb - precursor to the modern suru	62
vs-i	suru verb - included	48
vs-s	suru verb - special class	47
vt	transitive verb	50
vz	Ichidan verb - zuru verb (alternative form of -jiru verbs)	49
Fld -- usage domain
agric	agriculture	63
anat	anatomy	28
archeol	archeology	45
archit	architecture	11
art	art, aesthetics	52
astron	astronomy	12
audvid	audiovisual	67
aviat	aviation	61
baseb	baseball	13
biochem	biochemistry	37
biol	biology	14
bot	botany	15
boxing	boxing	93
Buddh	Buddhism	1
bus	business	16
cards	card games	75
chem	chemistry	10
chmyth	Chinese mythology	95
Christn	Christianity	31
civeng	civil engineering	89
cloth	clothing	72
comp	computing	2
cryst	crystallography	48
dent	dentistry	74
ecol	ecology	51
econ	economics	17
elec	electricity, elec. eng.	35
electr	electronics	41
embryo	embryology	55
engr	engineering	18
ent	entomology	36
figskt	figure skating	87
film	film	84
finc	finance	19
fish	fishing	57
food	food, cooking	3
gardn	gardening, horticulture	58
genet	genetics	53
geogr	geography	56
geol	geology	20
geom	geometry	4
go	go (game)	65
golf	golf	47
gramm	grammar	40
grmyth	Greek mythology	44
hanaf	hanafuda	66
horse	horse racing	54
internet	Internet	94
jpmyth	Japanese mythology	96
kabuki	kabuki	77
law	law	21
ling	linguistics	5
logic	logic	46
MA	martial arts	6
mahj	mahjong	29
manga	manga	73
math	mathematics	7
mech	mechanical engineering	60
med	medicine	22
met	meteorology	38
mil	military	8
min	mineralogy	91
mining	mining	76
motor	motorsport	88
music	music	23
noh	noh	78
ornith	ornithology	69
paleo	paleontology	50
pathol	pathology	49
pharm	pharmacology	34
phil	philosophy	32
photo	photography	43
physics	physics	9
physiol	physiology	33
politics	politics	79
print	printing	64
prowres	professional wrestling	86
psy	psychiatry	71
psyanal	psychoanalysis	83
psych	psychology	42
rail	railway	70
rommyth	Roman mythology	82
Shinto	Shinto	24
shogi	shogi	30
ski	skiing	81
sports	sports	25
stat	statistics	62
stockm	stock market	80
sumo	sumo	26
surg	surgery	90
telec	telecommunications	59
tradem	trademark	39
tv	television	85
vet	veterinary terms	92
vidg	video games	68
zool	zoology	27
Dial -- dialect
bra	Brazilian	13
hob	Hokkaido-ben	12
ksb	Kansai-ben	2
ktb	Kantou-ben	3
kyb	Kyoto-ben	4
kyu	Kyuushuu-ben	9
nab	Nagano-ben	11
osb	Osaka-ben	5
rkb	Ryuukyuu-ben	10
std	Tokyo-ben (std)	1
thb	Touhoku-ben	7
tsb	Tosa-ben	6
tsug	Tsugaru-ben	8
Lang -- language These three-letter codes are the same as those defined in ISO-639-2. Any of the ISO 639-2 codes may be used in JMdictDB (use the B version when there is a choice). The table below lists only those codes currently in use in JMdictDB.
eng	English	1
afr	Afrikaans	9
ain	Ainu	10
alg	Algonquian languages	15
amh	Amharic	17
ara	Arabic	21
arn	Mapudungun; Mapuche	25
bnt	Bantu (Other)	58
bre	Breton	61
bul	Bulgarian	65
bur	Burmese	66
chi	Chinese	79
chn	Chinook jargon	82
cze	Czech	101
dan	Danish	103
dut	Dutch; Flemish	116
epo	Esperanto	125
est	Estonian	126
fil	Filipino; Pilipino	133
fin	Finnish	134
fre	French	137
geo	Georgian	149
ger	German	150
glg	Galician	155
grc	Greek, Ancient (to 1453)	163
gre	Greek, Modern (1453-)	164
haw	Hawaiian	172
heb	Hebrew	173
hin	Hindi	177
hun	Hungarian	182
ice	Icelandic	186
ind	Indonesian	195
ita	Italian	201
khm	Central Khmer	221
kor	Korean	230
kur	Kurdish	239
lat	Latin	245
lit	Lithuanian	250
mal	Malayalam	267
mao	Maori	269
mas	Masai	272
may	Malay	273
mnc	Manchu	284
mol	Moldavian	288
mon	Mongolian	289
nor	Norwegian	316
per	Persian	342
pol	Polish	346
por	Portuguese	348
rum	Romanian	360
rus	Russian	363
san	Sanskrit	370
scr	Croatian	376
slo	Slovak	387
slv	Slovenian	388
som	Somali	400
spa	Spanish; Castilian	403
swa	Swahili	413
swe	Swedish	414
tah	Tahitian	417
tam	Tamil	419
tgl	Tagalog	426
tha	Thai	427
tib	Tibetan	428
tur	Turkish	445
ukr	Ukrainian	453
urd	Urdu	456
uzb	Uzbek	457
vie	Vietnamese	460
yid	Yiddish	475
Ginf -- gloss info
equ	equivalent	1
expl	explanatory	4
fig	figuratively	3
lit	literally	2
tm	trademark	5
Src -- corpus info
jmdict		1
jmnedict		2
test	Corpus for testing and experimentation	99
Stat -- entry status
A	Active	2
D	Deleted	4
R	Rejected	6
Xref -- cross-reference types Note that only "ant" and "see" are currently used in JMdict.
ant	Antonym	2
cf	cf.	4
ex	Usage example	5
kvar	Kanji variant	8
pref	Preferred	7
see	See also	3
syn	Synonym	1
uses	Uses	6
vtvi	Transitive-intransitive verb pair	9