JMdictDB - Entries

jmdict 1166520 Active (id: 2336611)
一方ならず
【ひとかたならず】

1.

[exp,adv] [form]
▶ unusually
▶ greatly
▶ immensely
▶ exceedingly

History:

2.	A 2025-04-10 22:08:12 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 13:29:48 Sombrero1
	Refs:	GG5, Sankoku
	Diff:	@@ -12,0 +13 @@ +<misc>&form;</misc> @@ -14,0 +16,2 @@ +<gloss>immensely</gloss> +<gloss>exceedingly</gloss>

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jmdict 1166530 Active (id: 2336612)
一方ならぬ
【ひとかたならぬ】

1.

[adj-pn] [form]
▶ extraordinary
▶ special
▶ unusual
▶ immense

History:

2.	A 2025-04-10 22:08:27 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 13:29:17 Sombrero1
	Refs:	Sankoku, GG5
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<misc>&form;</misc> @@ -13,0 +15,2 @@ +<gloss>unusual</gloss> +<gloss>immense</gloss>

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jmdict 1183260 Active (id: 2336518)
恩寵；恩ちょう [sK]
【おんちょう】

1.

[n] [form]
▶ grace
▶ favour
▶ favor

History:

6.	A 2025-04-09 12:08:56 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
5.	A* 2025-04-08 14:15:45 Sombrero1
	Refs:	Sankoku, Shinsen
	Diff:	@@ -15,0 +16 @@ +<misc>&form;</misc>
4.	A 2024-10-23 14:15:57 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
3.	A* 2024-10-23 06:40:13 GM <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	恩寵　　　 39,737 98.1% 恩ちょう　 29 0.1% -sK おんちょう 740 1.8%
	Diff:	@@ -8,0 +9 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
2.	A 2021-02-26 20:13:32 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	恩寵 39737 恩ちょう 29
(show/hide 1 older log entries)
1.	A* 2021-02-26 19:37:52 Nikolai Vavilov <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Encountered this spelling in the CCs for 精霊の守り人 and 文豪ストレイドッグス.
	Diff:	@@ -5,0 +6,3 @@ +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>恩ちょう</keb>

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jmdict 1263160 Active (id: 2336702)
減額 [news1,nf10]
【げんがく [news1,nf10] 】

1.

[n,vs,vt]
▶ reduction (esp. in price or cost)
▶ diminution
▶ abatement

Conjugations

History:

3.	A 2025-04-12 22:25:03 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2.	A* 2025-04-09 12:30:34
	Refs:	岩波国語辞典　第八版げんがく【減額】〘名・ス他自〙金額を減らすこと。金額が減ること。増額
	Diff:	@@ -18 +18 @@ -<gloss>reduction</gloss> +<gloss>reduction (esp. in price or cost)</gloss>
1.	A 2021-11-18 00:46:03 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Meikyo vt and vi additions to n,vs entries -- via bulkupd.py --
	Diff:	@@ -16,0 +17 @@ +<pos>&vt;</pos>

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jmdict 1464770 Rejected (id: 2336551)
日本的
【にほんてき】

1.

[adj-na]
▶ (typically) Japanese

History:

12.	R 2025-04-09 15:46:06 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Personally I'm not a fan of using [sk] for readings that aren't also used as surface forms. I wouldn't go as far as to say they're pointless; it's totally possible for people to search the database for readings, for example. I agree it's probably a very marginal use-case. But I think they're also mostly harmless. At any rate, it's not unprecedented (see entries for 中国, 三日月, 占い者, etc). We'd like to have these sorts of policy discussion on github (https://github.com/JMdictProject/JMdictIssues/discussions) or the mailing list (https://groups.google.com/g/edict-jmdict). Feel free to raise the topic in those places.
11.	A* 2025-04-09 12:57:12 Sombrero1
	Comments:	>It's 99% pointless to hide readings that aren't used as surface forms I totally get that, but e.g. I'm someone that often searches for words in kana, not with their respective kanji. にっぽん is a valid way of reading にほん. So even if it's just that tiny tiny 1%, isn't this also what hidden forms are for? They don't bother anyone. But then again, with that approach it's very difficult to draw a line, it would be very arbitrary. >This has to my memory been brought up several times but the only instance I can find is Stephen Kraus on 碁会所 I remember that but about [rk], which I try to remember now but still sometimes misconstrue. I can't recall seeing that for [sk] (apart from the example you just gave), but maybe that was before I started contributing In any case I don't plan to fight tooth and nail for this [sk] form, I just wish to know clear grounds if that really doesn't fall under how it can or should be used.
10.	A* 2025-04-09 12:40:46
	Comments:	This has to my memory been brought up several times but the only instance I can find is Stephen Kraus on 碁会所: "I'm not sure if it makes sense to use [sk] for readings that aren't also used as surface forms."
9.	A* 2025-04-09 12:33:41
	Comments:	sk and sK are essentially for hiding "surface forms" that people might come across written out. It's 99% pointless to hide readings that aren't used as surface forms.
8.	A* 2025-04-09 08:05:06 Sombrero1
	Comments:	Why
(show/hide 7 older log entries)
7.	A* 2025-04-08 22:19:44
	Comments:	Hiding readings that aren't used as surface forms is pointless.
	Diff:	@@ -9,4 +8,0 @@ -</r_ele> -<r_ele> -<reb>にっぽんてき</reb> -<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
6.	A 2025-04-08 12:03:28 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Hide it. [rk] is for uncommon readings which are in kokugos.
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
5.	A* 2025-04-08 02:52:40
	Comments:	I don't think [rk] should be applied so willy-nilly.
	Diff:	@@ -12 +11,0 @@ -<re_inf>&rk;</re_inf>
4.	A 2025-04-07 22:02:55 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Could be hidden.
3.	A* 2025-04-07 16:32:42 Sombrero1
	Refs:	Google N-gram Corpus Counts ╭─ーーーーーー─┬─────┬───────╮ │ にほんてき　 │ 542 │ 96.3% │ │ にっぽんてき │ 21 │ 3.7% │ ╰─ーーーーーー─┴─────┴───────╯ https://de.youglish.com/pronounce/日本的/japanese After 19 examples being　にほんてき the 20th was にっぽんてき It's not in refs, but it makes sense to have here I guess. I'd suggest maybe putting [rk] Furigana.info isn't representative here since it has only one example for each version
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<re_inf>&rk;</re_inf>
2.	A* 2025-04-06 22:32:08
	Diff:	@@ -8,0 +9,3 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>にっぽんてき</reb>
1.	A 2018-11-27 08:15:03 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -12 +12 @@ -<gloss>typically Japanese</gloss> +<gloss>(typically) Japanese</gloss>

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jmdict 1595280 Active (id: 2336637)
自転車置き場；自転車置場
【じてんしゃおきば】

1.

[n]
▶ bicycle parking (spot, shed, etc.)
▶ parking area for bicycles

History:

4.	A 2025-04-11 12:09:40 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3.	A* 2025-04-09 12:37:02 Sombrero1
	Refs:	Google N-gram Corpus Counts ╭─ーーーーーー─┬────────┬───────╮ │ 自転車置き場 │ 95.476 │ 79.4% │ │ 自転車置場　 │ 24.736 │ 20.6% │ ╰─ーーーーーー─┴────────┴───────╯ Prog: • 自転車置き場｜a place for leaving bicycles ／〔屋根の付いた〕a bicycle shed GG5: 自転車置き場　a bicycle park; a bicycle parking ┏place [area, lot, shed]; a parking place for bicycles.
	Comments:	I think the current gloss is a bit odd
	Diff:	@@ -15 +15,2 @@ -<gloss>bicycle parking</gloss> +<gloss>bicycle parking (spot, shed, etc.)</gloss> +<gloss>parking area for bicycles</gloss>
2.	A 2021-05-31 11:58:08 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2021-05-31 09:05:04 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -15 +15 @@ -<gloss>place for storing bicycles</gloss> +<gloss>bicycle parking</gloss>

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jmdict 1744020 Active (id: 2336636)
小股；小また [sK]
【こまた】

1.	[n] ▶ short steps ▶ mincing stride
2.	[n] ▶ crotch ▶ groin ▶ thigh

History:

5.	A 2025-04-11 12:06:52 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4.	A* 2025-04-09 06:59:39 GM <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	小股　 15,928 63.2% 小また 2,699 10.7% -sK こまた 6,591 26.1%
	Diff:	@@ -8,0 +9 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
3.	A 2018-05-13 14:02:35 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	G n-grams: 小股 15928 小また 2699
	Diff:	@@ -5,0 +6,3 @@ +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>小また</keb>
2.	A 2010-08-21 22:26:00 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2010-08-21 20:30:10 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	GG5
	Comments:	Splitting senses
	Diff:	@@ -12,0 +12,5 @@ +<gloss>short steps</gloss> +<gloss>mincing stride</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> @@ -13,1 +18,2 @@ -<gloss>short steps</gloss> +<gloss>groin</gloss> +<gloss>thigh</gloss>

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jmdict 1850400 Active (id: 2336626)
競り落とす；競り落す [sK]
【せりおとす】

1.	[v5s,vt] ▶ to make a successful bid (for an article) ▶ to buy at auction ▶ to outbid (someone)
2.	[v5s,vt] ▶ to knock down (at an auction)

Conjugations

History:

4.	A 2025-04-11 09:50:59 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	The knocking down is the action of the auctioneer, not the buyer. Different sense.
	Diff:	@@ -19 +18,0 @@ -<gloss>to knock down (an item with a bid)</gloss> @@ -20,0 +20,5 @@ +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&v5s;</pos> +<pos>&vt;</pos> +<gloss>to knock down (at an auction)</gloss>
3.	A* 2025-04-09 12:32:42 Sombrero1
	Refs:	Google N-gram Corpus Counts ╭─ーーーーー─┬───────┬───────╮ │ 競り落とす │ 8.659 │ 99.2% │ │ 競り落す　 │ 68 │ 0.8% │[sK] │ 競落す　　 │ 0 │ 0.0% │ │ 競落とす　 │ 0 │ 0.0% │ ╰─ーーーーー─┴───────┴───────╯ Was struggling to comprehend the "knock down" sense but luckily my small 和独辞典 has this verb Are there actually two senses? The two senses we have here seem to be just one, the knocking down refers to making a successful bid, i.e. getting the item. Prog: 競り落とす〔競売人が売り値を告げる〕knock ((a thing)) down; 〔買い手が手に入れる〕make a successful bid, outbid ((other bidders)) • その彫刻は20万円で川口氏に競り落とされた｜The sculpture was knocked down to Mr. Kawaguchi for 200, 000 yen. DailyConcise: 　knock《a thing》down (競り買い人が); make a successful bid (買い手が) GG5: 〔買い手が〕 make a successful bid 《for an article》. ►競り落とされる　〔人に〕 be knocked down to sb; 〔いくらで〕 be knocked down for 《\100,000》. It's only sankoku with two senses, but I don't quite think there's another sense for us to list here: ①せり売りで、手に入れる。「十万円で━」 ②せりあって相手より〈上に／先に〉なる。
	Comments:	Adding transitivity tags
	Diff:	@@ -8,0 +9 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> @@ -15,4 +16 @@ -<gloss>to knock down the price of</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&v5s;</pos> +<pos>&vt;</pos> @@ -20,0 +19,2 @@ +<gloss>to knock down (an item with a bid)</gloss> +<gloss>to outbid (someone)</gloss>
2.	A 2018-03-12 04:54:28 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -18 +18,3 @@ -<gloss>to make a successful bid 《for an article》.</gloss> +<pos>&v5s;</pos> +<gloss>to make a successful bid (for an article)</gloss> +<gloss>to buy at auction</gloss>
1.	A* 2018-03-12 04:05:23 Kevin Johnson
	Refs:	https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/競り落とす https://kotobank.jp/word/競り落� �す・競り落す- 308974
	Comments:	This term can actually imply that an article goes UP in price through bidding at an auction (e.g.).
	Diff:	@@ -16,0 +17,3 @@ +<sense> +<gloss>to make a successful bid 《for an article》.</gloss> +</sense>

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jmdict 1952430 Active (id: 2336610)
初球 [news1,nf12]
【しょきゅう [news1,nf12] 】

1.

[n] {baseball}
▶ pitcher's first pitch (to batter, or in the game)

History:

3.	A 2025-04-10 22:07:34 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2.	A* 2025-04-09 12:13:02 Sombrero1
	Diff:	@@ -15,0 +16 @@ +<field>&baseb;</field>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 12:02:30
	Refs:	daijs
	Diff:	@@ -16 +16 @@ -<gloss>pitcher's first pitch (to batter)</gloss> +<gloss>pitcher's first pitch (to batter, or in the game)</gloss>

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jmdict 1965500 Active (id: 2336703)
０歳；０才；〇歳；零歳 [rK] ；ゼロ歳 [sK] ；ゼロ才 [sK] ；零才 [sK]
【ゼロさい；れいさい】

1.

[n]
▶ under 1 year old (of a baby)
▶ [lit] 0 years old

History:

11.	A 2025-04-12 22:28:28 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I don't think so.
10.	A* 2025-04-09 12:46:07 Sombrero1
	Refs:	零歳 is in Prog, Luminous, Sankoku and Shinsen
	Comments:	Does 零歳 need a restriction to れいさい? Since it didn't have one in the old entry
	Diff:	@@ -13,0 +14,4 @@ +<keb>零歳</keb> +<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf> +</k_ele> +<k_ele> @@ -19,4 +22,0 @@ -<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> -</k_ele> -<k_ele> -<keb>零歳</keb>
9.	A* 2025-04-09 12:35:29
	Refs:	ゼロ歳 9925 ゼロ才 521 零歳 1931 零才 201
	Diff:	@@ -14,0 +15 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> @@ -17,0 +19 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> @@ -21 +23 @@ -<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf> +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> @@ -25 +27 @@ -<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf> +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> @@ -32,5 +33,0 @@ -<re_restr>０歳</re_restr> -<re_restr>０才</re_restr> -<re_restr>〇歳</re_restr> -<re_restr>零歳</re_restr> -<re_restr>零才</re_restr>
8.	A 2021-11-08 04:37:43 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Closing for now.
7.	A* 2021-11-08 00:27:53 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I don't think it makes sense to use rK to mean "this form contains rarely used kanji" rather than "this kanji field surface form is rarely used". The point of it as I see it is to tell learners they're very unlikely to ever come across that form and don't need to bother learning it. Or to tell a learner's di tionary app to hide it entirely. (I'll post in the github thread)
(show/hide 6 older log entries)
6.	A* 2021-11-07 18:54:32 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I don't think we can tag ゼロ才 as rK when it has the same kanji as ０才. It's an uncommon form but not specifically because of the kanji.
	Diff:	@@ -17,2 +17 @@ -<keb>零歳</keb> -<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf> +<keb>ゼロ才</keb> @@ -21 +20 @@ -<keb>ゼロ才</keb> +<keb>零歳</keb>
5.	A 2021-11-07 02:58:08 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	零歳 1931 ゼロ才 521 零才 201
	Diff:	@@ -17,0 +18 @@ +<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf> @@ -20,0 +22 @@ +<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf> @@ -23,0 +26 @@ +<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
4.	A 2021-10-23 03:15:28 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	とっさの日本語便利帳
	Comments:	kanji numeral
	Diff:	@@ -8,0 +9,3 @@ +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>〇歳</keb> @@ -28,0 +32 @@ +<re_restr>〇歳</re_restr>
3.	A 2020-07-21 23:37:44 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -34,2 +34,2 @@ -<gloss>under 1 year old</gloss> -<gloss g_type="lit">0 year old</gloss> +<gloss>under 1 year old (of a baby)</gloss> +<gloss g_type="lit">0 years old</gloss>
2.	A 2020-07-20 09:34:11 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2020-07-20 09:23:55 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Adding stuff from duplicate entry.
	Diff:	@@ -4,0 +5,6 @@ +<keb>０歳</keb> +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>０才</keb> +</k_ele> +<k_ele> @@ -5,0 +12,9 @@ +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>零歳</keb> +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>ゼロ才</keb> +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>零才</keb> @@ -9,0 +25,7 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>れいさい</reb> +<re_restr>０歳</re_restr> +<re_restr>０才</re_restr> +<re_restr>零歳</re_restr> +<re_restr>零才</re_restr> +</r_ele> @@ -11,2 +33,3 @@ -<pos>&exp;</pos> -<gloss>less than a year old</gloss> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<gloss>under 1 year old</gloss> +<gloss g_type="lit">0 year old</gloss>

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jmdict 2075240 Active (id: 2336573)
リアス式海岸
【リアスしきかいがん】

1.

[n] {geography}
▶ deeply indented coastline
▶ rias coastline

History:

3.	A 2025-04-10 10:22:23 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2.	A* 2025-04-09 17:00:12 Sombrero1
	Refs:	GG5, Oukoku
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<field>&geogr;</field>
1.	A 2006-02-07 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2288840 Deleted (id: 2336585)

オープンクライアント

1.

[n] {computing}
▶ OpenClient

History:

3.	D 2025-04-10 12:47:57 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Ancient package.
2.	A* 2025-04-09 23:57:23
	Comments:	?
1.	A 2008-05-24 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2296070 Active (id: 2336575)

コールセンター；コール・センター

1.

[n]
▶ call center

Cross references:
	⇐ see: 2868562 コルセン 1. call center

History:

4.	A 2025-04-10 10:24:17 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3.	A* 2025-04-09 12:52:31
	Diff:	@@ -12 +11,0 @@ -<field>&comp;</field>
2.	A 2013-05-11 07:40:33 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update.Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update. -- via bulkupd.py --
	Diff:	@@ -6,0 +6,3 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>コール・センター</reb>
1.	A 2008-05-24 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2435420 Active (id: 2336515)
ペロニー病；ペイロニー病；ペーロニー病 [sK]
【ペロニーびょう (ペロニー病)；ペイロニーびょう (ペイロニー病) 】

1.

[n] {medicine}
▶ Peyronie's disease

History:

3.	A 2025-04-09 12:03:03 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	ペイロニー病 220 36.1% ペロニー病 389 63.9% ペーロニー病 0 0.0%
	Diff:	@@ -3,0 +4,3 @@ +<k_ele> +<keb>ペロニー病</keb> +</k_ele> @@ -8 +11,2 @@ -<keb>ペロニー病</keb> +<keb>ペーロニー病</keb> +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> @@ -10,7 +13,0 @@ -<k_ele> -<keb>ペーロニー病</keb> -</k_ele> -<r_ele> -<reb>ペイロニーびょう</reb> -<re_restr>ペイロニー病</re_restr> -</r_ele> @@ -22,2 +19,2 @@ -<reb>ペーロニーびょう</reb> -<re_restr>ペーロニー病</re_restr> +<reb>ペイロニーびょう</reb> +<re_restr>ペイロニー病</re_restr>
2.	A* 2025-04-08 22:20:01
	Diff:	@@ -26,0 +27 @@ +<field>&med;</field>
1.	A 2009-04-10 00:00:00
	Comments:	Entry created

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jmdict 2818860 Active (id: 2336614)
化粧下地
【けしょうしたじ】

1.

[n]
▶ makeup base
▶ liquid foundation
▶ primer

History:

4.	A 2025-04-10 22:10:42 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3.	A* 2025-04-09 04:05:57 Kevin Johnson <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	https://nativecamp.net/heync/question/31286 https://www.illamasqua.com/blog/what-does-makeup-primer-do-and-do-you-need-to-use-one/ https://www.adorebeauty.com.au/beautyiq/make-up/concealer/what-is-the-difference-between-concealer-foundation-and-primer-guide/ https://stefany.co.jp/blog/blog/b890/?srsltid=AfmBOoqaugqAVnEmtyRdeUxhHkjtZ3D1gNnM407Gs9564XVGV9rnv1CM
	Comments:	Tricky topic for most men to venture into. "Primer" goes before foundation and seems to be the most common term in English. In Japanese, the order is 下地→ファンデ, so it certainly seems that "primer" is correct. ChatGPT certainly thinks so: "In makeup, 下地 (したじ / shitaji) refers to a makeup base or primer. It’s the product applied before foundation to create a smooth surface, improve makeup adherence, and help it last longer"
	Diff:	@@ -13,0 +14 @@ +<gloss>primer</gloss>
2.	A 2014-06-12 05:59:56 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2014-06-12 02:11:01 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	http://www.cosmetic-word.com/skincare/post-39.html Eijiro, ngrams (160k - more common than 化粧下)

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jmdict 2838560 Active (id: 2337104)
管理員
【かんりいん】

1.

[n]
▶ administrator (of a building, etc.)
▶ manager

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 2838598 管理士 1. administrator (of a building); manager

History:

6.	A 2025-04-18 05:01:23 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
5.	A* 2025-04-09 12:51:33
	Comments:	or parking lot, apaprently
	Diff:	@@ -13 +13 @@ -<gloss>administrator (of a building)</gloss> +<gloss>administrator (of a building, etc.)</gloss>
4.	A 2019-03-11 06:46:41 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -12 +12 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="1214260">管理人</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2838598">管理士</xref>
3.	A 2019-03-11 04:26:19 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	RP
	Comments:	All rather subtle.
2.	A* 2019-03-09 01:20:06 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Hmm this and 管理士 might be something slightly different from 管理人, according to this page: https://www.from-40.jp/columns/1551#ttl1
	Diff:	@@ -14,2 +14 @@ -<gloss>administrator</gloss> -<gloss>janitor</gloss> +<gloss>administrator (of a building)</gloss> @@ -17,4 +15,0 @@ -<gloss>concierge</gloss> -<gloss>caretaker</gloss> -<gloss>superintendent</gloss> -<gloss>supervisor</gloss>
(show/hide 1 older log entries)
1.	A* 2019-03-09 01:14:55 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	管理人 16768387 管理士 353581 管理員 55369 Not an entry in the kokugo's but used in some entries, like nikk's レンジャー ② (アメリカ合衆国の森林警備隊員の呼称から)日本の国立公園管理員の通称。 and daij's レンジャー too: ２日本の国立公園の管理員 http://d.hatena.ne.jp/dokusyoin/20070718 "マンションの管理人は「管理人」ではなく「管理員」だということ「管理人さ～ん」と声をかけられて「いや、違います管理員です」といちいち言い返すわけにもいかないので、笑ってすませているが、決して管理人ではないのだ。というのはあくまで入れ替わり可能な組織より派遣されている管理人だから、管理員なのだ。"

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jmdict 2864144 Active (id: 2336780)
原因ウイルス；原因ウィルス [sK]
【げんいんウイルス】

1.

[n] {medicine}
▶ causal virus
▶ causative virus

History:

4.	A 2025-04-14 02:45:52 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3.	A* 2025-04-09 12:58:50
	Refs:	原因ウイルス 7843 91.6% 原因ウィルス 716 8.4%
	Diff:	@@ -5,0 +6,4 @@ +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>原因ウィルス</keb> +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
2.	A 2025-01-17 06:56:50 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Reverso
	Diff:	@@ -12,0 +13 @@ +<gloss>causal virus</gloss>
1.	A* 2025-01-16 15:19:00
	Refs:	eij 原因ウイルス 7843

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jmdict 2864145 Active (id: 2336635)
ウイルス株；ウィルス株 [sK]
【ウイルスかぶ】

1.

[n] {biology}
▶ virus strain
▶ viral strain

History:

5.	A 2025-04-11 12:05:30 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4.	A* 2025-04-09 12:58:20
	Refs:	ウイルス株 3987 94.5% ウィルス株 234 5.5%
	Diff:	@@ -5,0 +6,4 @@ +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>ウィルス株</keb> +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
3.	A 2025-01-19 01:40:57 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Both terms are common.
	Diff:	@@ -12,0 +13 @@ +<gloss>virus strain</gloss>
2.	A 2025-01-16 19:31:00 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	KOD
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<field>&biol;</field>
1.	A* 2025-01-16 15:19:39
	Refs:	daijs

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jmdict 2864389 Active (id: 2336555)
お世話になっております；御世話になっております [sK]
【おせわになっております】

1.

[exp]
▶ thank you very much for everything
▶ it has always been a pleasure to work with you

History:

7.	A 2025-04-09 21:24:44 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
6.	A* 2025-04-09 13:00:21
	Refs:	御世話になって 29358
	Diff:	@@ -5,0 +6,4 @@ +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>御世話になっております</keb> +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
5.	A 2025-03-04 05:31:56 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Quiet
4.	A* 2025-02-26 01:08:00 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3.	A 2025-02-26 01:07:23 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	OK, here are a couple. I'll pin this down and reopen for further discussion, if any.
	Diff:	@@ -12 +12,2 @@ -<gloss>...</gloss> +<gloss>thank you very much for everything</gloss> +<gloss>it has always been a pleasure to work with you</gloss>
(show/hide 2 older log entries)
2.	A* 2025-02-13 03:20:08 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Tatoeba: お世話になっております。 It has always been a pleasure to work with you.
	Comments:	Go for it. Needs a flowery gloss or two. It's an example sentence already.
1.	A* 2025-02-13 01:40:51 Marcus Richert
	Refs:	お世話になっております 571535 55.7% お世話になっています 454796 44.3% mk 相手が今なお与え続けている尽力に感謝して、今後ともよろしくという気持ちでいう挨拶(あいさつ)のことば。お世話になっています。
	Comments:	Worth having?

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jmdict 2864924 Active (id: 2338184)

ならぬ

1.

[adj-pn] [form]
《from copular なり》
▶ is not
▶ am not
▶ are not

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 2823760 【でない】 1. is not; am not; are not

2.

[exp,adj-f] [form]
《from 成る》
▶ beyond one's power
▶ unachievable
▶ impossible

3.

[exp,adj-f] [dated]
《from 成る》
▶ must not ...
▶ should not ...

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 2083990 ならない 2. must not ...; should not ...

History:

6.	A 2025-05-01 09:43:07 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I think this is OK.
5.	A* 2025-04-22 06:47:16 Sombrero1
	Refs:	Google N-gram Corpus Counts ╭─ーーー─┬───────────┬───────╮ │ 成らぬ │ 31.256 │ 0.6% │Negligible enough to not have? Or maybe just [sK] but that could be confusing │ ならぬ │ 2.711.492 │ 51.9% │ │ ならん │ 2.486.657 │ 47.6% │Can't really [sk] this ╰─ーーー─┴───────────┴───────╯ Sankoku has〔古風〕for the second sense Meikyo also for the first (やや古い言い方。) The problem is now that sense 1 and sense 2 are not the same ならぬ Sense one is copular なり + ぬ Sense two is 成る + ぬ Sankoku has this sense as well (it has separate entries for the なり and なる based senses): 〔文〕成しとげられない。 Meikyo a.o. have [exp] for the ならない sense, no indication of adj-pn unlike with the first sense
	Comments:	Perhaps something like this? The refs have mostly the ならない sense for ならん, but I doubt it's exclusively used for it. I think we could just have ならん as a surface form here? Or am I overlooking something? The other option would be an etymological split into sense 1 and sense 2+3 Also, do we ever do [form,dated]?
	Diff:	@@ -10,0 +11 @@ +<s_inf>from copular なり</s_inf> @@ -16 +17,11 @@ -<pos>&adj-pn;</pos> +<pos>&exp;</pos> +<pos>&adj-f;</pos> +<misc>&form;</misc> +<s_inf>from 成る</s_inf> +<gloss>beyond one's power</gloss> +<gloss>unachievable</gloss> +<gloss>impossible</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&exp;</pos> +<pos>&adj-f;</pos> @@ -18 +29,2 @@ -<misc>&form;</misc> +<misc>&dated;</misc> +<s_inf>from 成る</s_inf>
4.	A* 2025-04-22 02:17:35 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Daijisen: ［連語］《「ぬ」は打消しの助動詞》「ならない」に同じ。「ならん」の形でも用いる。「私語を交わしては—◦ぬ」「どうにかせねば—◦ぬ」［連語］《「ぬ」は打消しの助動詞「ず」の連体形》…でない。「一方 (ひとかた) —ご指導」「ただ—事態」
	Comments:	Maybe something like this? Not sure what to do with ならん.
	Diff:	@@ -9 +9,12 @@ -<gloss>equiv. of de nai</gloss> +<xref type="see" seq="2823760">でない</xref> +<misc>&form;</misc> +<gloss>is not</gloss> +<gloss>am not</gloss> +<gloss>are not</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&adj-pn;</pos> +<xref type="see" seq="2083990">ならない・2</xref> +<misc>&form;</misc> +<gloss>must not ...</gloss> +<gloss>should not ...</gloss>
3.	A* 2025-04-09 13:35:34 Sombrero1
	Comments:	I think making them visible in the ならない entry doesn't work because 1. Yes PoS issues, and 2. ならない　isn't [文] and/or [古風] like ならぬ is. The kokugos tend to have ならぬ in its own respective entry. Maybe ならぬ(and ならん) could be split out from ならない? It'd basically be a duplicate entry with an extra sense. But I'm not sure
2.	A* 2025-04-09 12:45:27 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	ならない 41782162 ならぬ 2711492 ならん 2486657
	Comments:	ならぬ and ならん are currently hidden forms in the ならない entry. Perhaps ならぬ should be made visible? The POS may be an issue.
(show/hide 1 older log entries)
1.	A* 2025-04-08 14:31:57
	Refs:	daijisen, daijirin
	Comments:	マッチ売りの少女ならぬ、花売りの少女朝帰りならぬ昼帰り

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jmdict 2864926 Active (id: 2336560)
レコード破り；レコード破 [sK]
【レコードやぶり】

1.

[adj-no,n]
▶ record-breaking

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 2610730 記録破り 1. record-breaking

History:

3.	A 2025-04-09 22:20:14 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2.	A* 2025-04-08 16:37:48 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	"gendai reikai kokugo jiten" has an entry for this. Google N-gram Corpus Counts ╭─ーーーーーーー─┬─────╮ │ レコード破り　 │ 100 │ │ レコード破　　 │ 0 │ │ レコードやぶり │ 0 │ ╰─ーーーーーーー─┴─────╯
	Diff:	@@ -4,0 +5,3 @@ +<keb>レコード破り</keb> +</k_ele> +<k_ele> @@ -5,0 +9 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> @@ -10,0 +15 @@ +<pos>&adj-no;</pos> @@ -11,0 +17 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="2610730">記録破り</xref>
1.	A* 2025-04-08 15:55:09
	Refs:	精選版　日本国語大辞典; 広辞苑第六版

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jmdict 2864929 Active (id: 2336517)

フォルス；フォールス

1.

[adj-no]
▶ false

History:

2.	A 2025-04-09 12:06:58 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	フォルスの 6078
	Diff:	@@ -11 +11 @@ -<pos>&n;</pos> +<pos>&adj-no;</pos>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 03:22:28
	Refs:	daijr フォールス 1748 9.6% フォルス 16520 90.4%

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jmdict 2864930 Active (id: 2337108)
楽観ロック
【らっかんロック】

1.

[n] {computing}
▶ optimistic locking

History:

2.

A 2025-04-18 06:22:30 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>

1.

A* 2025-04-09 09:06:14

Refs:

楽観ロック	278	84.2%
悲観ロック	52	15.8%

https://e-words.jp/w/楽観ロック.html

https://it-biz.online/it-skills/exclusion-control/
排他制御の基本：悲観ロックと楽観ロックを３分でわかりやすく

https://www.issoh.co.jp/tech/details/5739/
楽観ロックと悲観ロックの基本的な違い

https://zenn.dev/farstep/articles/optimistic-and-pessimistic-locking-in-database
データベースの楽観ロックと悲観ロックを理解する

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jmdict 2864931 Active (id: 2337124)
悲観ロック
【ひかんロック】

1.

[n] {computing}
▶ pessimistic locking

History:

2.

A 2025-04-18 07:29:42 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>

1.

A* 2025-04-09 09:06:16

Refs:

楽観ロック	278	84.2%
悲観ロック	52	15.8%

https://e-words.jp/w/悲観ロック.html

https://it-biz.online/it-skills/exclusion-control/
排他制御の基本：悲観ロックと楽観ロックを３分でわかりやすく

https://www.issoh.co.jp/tech/details/5739/
楽観ロックと悲観ロックの基本的な違い

https://zenn.dev/farstep/articles/optimistic-and-pessimistic-locking-in-database
データベースの楽観ロックと悲観ロックを理解する

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jmdict 2864932 Active (id: 2337100)
自転車駐車場
【じてんしゃちゅうしゃじょう】

1.

[n]
▶ bicycle parking lot
▶ bicycle parking space

Cross references:
	⇒ see: 1427000 駐輪場 1. parking area for bicycles; bicycle parking

History:

2.	A 2025-04-18 04:56:01 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Rather A+B.
	Diff:	@@ -12,0 +13 @@ +<gloss>bicycle parking lot</gloss>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 12:26:00
	Refs:	自転車駐車場 33092 7.5% 駐輪場 410155 92.5%

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jmdict 2864933 Active (id: 2336768)
療育手帳
【りょういくてちょう】

1.

[n]
▶ intellectual disability certificate

History:

2.	A 2025-04-14 01:53:17 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	ルミナス
1.	A* 2025-04-09 12:43:52
	Refs:	daiks nikk

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jmdict 2864934 Active (id: 2336871)
精神障害者保健福祉手帳
【せいしんしょうがいしゃほけんふくしてちょう】

1.

[n]
▶ mental disability certificate
▶ mental disability handbook

History:

4.	A 2025-04-15 11:44:52 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I initially made it one sense but it seemed odd.
	Diff:	@@ -13,3 +12,0 @@ -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos>
3.	A* 2025-04-15 00:48:49
	Refs:	https://www.bing.com/images/search?q="精神障害者保健福祉手帳"
	Comments:	I feel pretty certain this is ONE specific thing, not two. The entry should just have one sense. It's a certificate in the form of what could be called a small notebook. This is common for all the various 手帳's.
2.	A 2025-04-14 01:59:28 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	GG5
	Comments:	手帳 can be both.
	Diff:	@@ -13,0 +14,4 @@ +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<gloss>mental disability handbook</gloss> +</sense>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 12:45:31
	Refs:	daijr

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jmdict 2864935 Active (id: 2336781)
生活保護受給世帯
【せいかつほごじゅきゅうせたい】

1.

[n]
▶ household receiving livelihood protection benefits
▶ welfare-dependent household

History:

2.	A 2025-04-14 02:51:05 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 12:47:20
	Refs:	生活保護受給世帯 2698 saw on website of city-operated parking lot (they get discounts)

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jmdict 2864936 Active (id: 2336767)
自動二輪
【じどうにりん】

1.

[n]
▶ motorcycle (with a displacement of 50cc or more)
▶ motorbike

History:

2.	A 2025-04-14 01:51:47 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	GG5,ルミナス
1.	A* 2025-04-09 12:51:05
	Refs:	自動二輪　 147932 75.6% 自動二輪車 47658 24.4%

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jmdict 2864937 Active (id: 2337129)

コッパー；カパー

1.

[n]
▶ copper

History:

2.	A 2025-04-18 07:47:03 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	Eijiro
	Comments:	Seems mainly to be in transcriptions from English.
1.	A* 2025-04-09 12:52:12
	Refs:	daijr

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jmdict 2864938 Active (id: 2336587)
管理事務所
【かんりじむしょ】

1.

[n]
▶ administration office
▶ management office

History:

2.	A 2025-04-10 12:50:40 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 12:53:07
	Refs:	管理事務所 147078 gg5

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jmdict 2864939 Active (id: 2336556)

バリューチェーン；バリュー・チェーン

1.

[n] {business}
▶ value chain

History:

2.	A 2025-04-09 21:27:34 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	バリューチェーン 19630 91.6% バリュー・チェーン 1791 8.4% KOD
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<field>&bus;</field>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 13:05:55
	Refs:	wiki https://www.nec-solutioninnovators.co.jp/sp/contents/column/20220708_value-chain.html https://www.nri.com/jp/knowledge/glossary/value_chain.html https://www.smbc.co.jp/hojin/magazine/planning/about-value-chain.html

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jmdict 2864940 Active (id: 2336773)
ＯＤＭ
【オー・ディー・エム；オーディーエム [sk] 】

1.

[n]
▶ original design manufacturing
▶ original design manufacturer
▶ ODM

History:

2.	A 2025-04-14 02:24:10 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 13:09:44
	Refs:	daij, wiki

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jmdict 2864941 Active (id: 2336777)
公園課
【こうえんか】

1.

[n]
▶ parks section (e.g. of a city administration)
▶ parks division

History:

2.	A 2025-04-14 02:39:30 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Diff:	@@ -12 +12 @@ -<gloss>parks section</gloss> +<gloss>parks section (e.g. of a city administration)</gloss> @@ -14,2 +13,0 @@ -<gloss>park board</gloss> -<gloss>department of parks and recreation</gloss>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 13:11:49
	Refs:	gg5 公園課 11051

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jmdict 2864942 Active (id: 2337112)

オプトイン；オプト・イン

1.

[n]
▶ opt-in
▶ opt in

History:

2.	A 2025-04-18 06:36:36 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 14:20:32
	Refs:	daij オプトイン 9448 95.9% オプト・イン 408 4.1%

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jmdict 2864943 Active (id: 2337113)

オプトアウト；オプト・アウト

1.

[n]
▶ opt-out
▶ opt out

History:

2.	A 2025-04-18 06:37:13 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	KOD
1.	A* 2025-04-09 14:21:07
	Refs:	daij オプトアウト 8686 87.8% オプト・アウト 1203 12.2%

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jmdict 2864944 Active (id: 2336574)
リアス海岸
【リアスかいがん】

1.

[n] {geography}
▶ deeply indented coastline
▶ rias coastline

History:

3.	A 2025-04-10 10:23:16 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2.	A* 2025-04-09 17:00:16 Sombrero1
	Refs:	> リアス海岸 1151 2.9% probably much more common now Yea probably, included in Meikyo3, GendaiSK7, DailyConcise, Sankoku8 and Shinsen10 geography tag in DailyConcise and Sankoku
	Comments:	Also adding tag for リアス式海岸
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<field>&geogr;</field>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 14:53:58
	Refs:	koj, daijs, meikyo, sankoku リアス式海岸 37914 97.1% リアス海岸 1151 2.9% probably much more common now

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jmdict 2864945 Active (id: 2336643)

さとうきびジュース；サトウキビジュース

1.

[n]
▶ sugarcane juice

History:

2.	A 2025-04-11 21:18:29 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	サトウキビジュース 2396 さとうきびジュース 3587
	Diff:	@@ -3,0 +4,3 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>さとうきびジュース</reb> +</r_ele>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 20:22:20
	Refs:	https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/サトウキビジュース https://araimart.com/apps/note/sugarcanejuice-taste/?srsltid=AfmBOooyqKjI9-e80zaebBnBDTc5yCAnJTJf-iEE2Eu_koRMB4OeEAfb

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jmdict 2864946 Active (id: 2336586)
脂肪便
【しぼうべん】

1.

[n] {medicine}
▶ steatorrhea
▶ fatty stools

History:

2.	A 2025-04-10 12:50:13 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	GG5, etc.
	Diff:	@@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<field>&med;</field> @@ -12,0 +14 @@ +<gloss>fatty stools</gloss>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 22:09:22
	Refs:	https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/脂肪便

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jmdict 2864947 Active (id: 2336778)
土壌肥沃度
【どじょうひよくど】

1.

[n]
▶ soil fertility

History:

2.	A 2025-04-14 02:41:07 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Refs:	土壌肥沃度 2726 LSD
1.	A* 2025-04-09 22:16:33
	Refs:	英辞郎１０３; 研究社リーダーズ＋プラスＶ２

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jmnedict 5747263 Active (id: 2336516)
紗甫
【さほ】

1.

[fem]
▶ Saho

History:

2.	A 2025-04-09 12:03:26 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1.	A* 2025-04-09 01:47:25 Nicolas Maia
	Comments:	Coworker.

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JMdictDB is an open-source Postgresql database and Python API for managing Japanese dictionary data developed by Stuart McGraw. More information at http://edrdg.org/~smg/. Please report software problems at https://gitlab.com/yamagoya/jmdictdb/issues or email to jmdictdb@mtneva.com.

1.	[n] Source lang: spa ▶ Don (Spanish honorific)
2.	[n] ▶ bigwig ▶ important person

6.	A 2025-04-09 21:28:05 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
5.	A* 2025-04-09 12:23:51
	Refs:	daijs
	Diff:	@@ -10,0 +11,5 @@ +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<gloss>bigwig</gloss> +<gloss>important person</gloss>
4.	A 2021-06-24 00:33:40 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3.	A* 2021-06-24 00:32:04 Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	Splitting on source word. Pretty sure that gai1 tag shouldn't be there.
	Diff:	@@ -6 +5,0 @@ -<re_pri>gai1</re_pri> @@ -12,5 +10,0 @@ -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> -<lsource xml:lang="vie"/> -<gloss>dong (Vietnamese currency)</gloss>
2.	A 2013-03-12 03:32:10 Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
	Comments:	I see we have two entries for ドン - a gairaigo one and a wago one. Fair enough, I suppose.
(show/hide 1 older log entries)
1.	A* 2013-03-12 02:48:13 Marcus Richert
	Refs:	prog, eij, wiki http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ドン_(通�% B2�)
	Diff:	@@ -13,0 +13,5 @@ +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<lsource xml:lang="vie"/> +<gloss>dong (Vietnamese currency)</gloss> +</sense>

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