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jmdict 1163740 Active (id: 2354038)
一人称 [news2,nf44] ； １人称 [sK]
【 いちにんしょう [news2,nf44] 】
1. [n] {grammar}
▶ first person
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 1759160 第一人称【だいいちにんしょう】 1. first person
2. [n]
▶ self-reference term
▶ term used to refer to oneself in the first person



History:
17. A 2025-12-10 11:03:15  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I quite agree. These two senses are enough.
16. A* 2025-12-09 22:27:18  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
4 senses seems like overkill. We shouldn't overcomplicate things. I think these two senses cover everything, even the slangy parenthetical usage. The second sense probably doesn't need a grammar tag.
Articles are typically omitted from glosses. I don't think sense 1 needs one.
  Diff: 
@@ -10,0 +11 @@
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -20 +21 @@
-<gloss>(the) first person</gloss>
+<gloss>first person</gloss>
@@ -24,16 +25,2 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="2154560">一人称代名詞</xref>
-<field>&gramm;</field>
-<gloss>first-person pronoun</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&n;</pos>
-<field>&gramm;</field>
-<gloss>self-reference term (e.g. pronoun, kinship term, one's own name, etc.)</gloss>
-<gloss>word or expression used to refer to oneself or one's group</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&exp;</pos>
-<misc>&net-sl;</misc>
-<s_inf>in parentheses, after a term such as オタク, 推し, etc.</s_inf>
-<gloss>me (speaking as a ...)</gloss>
-<gloss>this (otaku, fan, stan, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>self-reference term</gloss>
+<gloss>term used to refer to oneself in the first person</gloss>
15. A* 2025-12-09 03:08:29  Brian Krznarich <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Wrapping up a proposal for 一人称・二人称・三人称

Final observations:
1. I think a split between "pronouns" and "the broader category of any self-reference" is both correct, and makes for cleaner glosses. Context dictates whether you mean "pronouns only" (foreign language classroom, for example), or something broader.
2. My earlier "e.g." enumerations excluded plurals. This was a mistake. 
3. Must not look like "a single word".  あの人 is considered a 三人称代名詞, but not a word
4. Probably all the senses are [gramm].
5. Search "の１人称代名詞" for evidence of alternate orthography

It makes sense that 一人称 is at once a shorthand for 一人称代名詞 in some contexts, while being a broader category in others.

But I know a Japanese professor of linguists who I will hopefully get to chat with over the holiday, in case there is some egregeious misunderstanding. But something like the current glosses should be alright, I think.

I've been regretting "you're truly" on [4]. It was a gpt suggestion, it's cute, and it makes some sense.  But it feels maybe overly dramatic, and I think the neutral approaches are safer without better evidence. I've yet to meet a Japanese person who has ever seen or used this themself.
  Diff: 
@@ -7,0 +8,3 @@
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>１人称</keb>
@@ -21 +24,2 @@
-<gloss>term of self-reference (e.g. watashi, boku, uchi, okaasan, one's own name, etc.)</gloss>
+<xref type="see" seq="2154560">一人称代名詞</xref>
+<field>&gramm;</field>
@@ -23 +27,6 @@
-<gloss>word used to refer to oneself</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<field>&gramm;</field>
+<gloss>self-reference term (e.g. pronoun, kinship term, one's own name, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>word or expression used to refer to oneself or one's group</gloss>
@@ -31 +39,0 @@
-<gloss>yours truly</gloss>
14. A* 2025-12-04 14:28:56  Brian Krznarich <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
"一人称がお父さん" yields 4 pages of results, including:

父の一人称が、「お父さん」から「俺」に変わったのだ
https://note.com/rlongki3/n/n188e4d2695cb
一人称と言うと、子を持つ親御さんなんかは「お父さん／お母さん」だったり「パパ／ママ」だったりすることも多いだろう。

一人称いちにんしょう（ First person pronouns)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srzFMO_OfmI&t=1s
Spoken: "Today I want to explore ichininshou: first person pronouns ... 男性が使う一人称, male first-person pronouns, ..."
She defines as: "how you address or call yourself"

Another super-googlable expression: "男性が使う一人称"
  Comments: 
I think the previous update got it. Tweaked a bit since it's still open, expanded the examples to clarify broadness without trying to define it.

Another native pointed out there are many non-pronoun options, not just names: 　先輩(talking to 後輩), お母さん (talking to children), any older kinship title...  And since it's situationally dependent and not singular, I've dropped "one's" 

The ref'd article is a great, personal story, about a guy's father changing from お父さん to 僕 as he (the author) became an adult. all about 一人称.

"Japanese terms of self-reference" gets academic book hits with roughly equivalent definitions. It's not something we're coining.

"first-person pronoun" still dominates in practice, as in the second video, where a Japanese girl explains male pronouns using English.
  Diff: 
@@ -21,3 +21,3 @@
-<gloss>one's term of self-reference (e.g. watashi, boku, uchi, one's own name, etc.)</gloss>
-<gloss>one's first-person pronoun</gloss>
-<gloss>the way one refers to oneself</gloss>
+<gloss>term of self-reference (e.g. watashi, boku, uchi, okaasan, one's own name, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>first-person pronoun</gloss>
+<gloss>word used to refer to oneself</gloss>
13. A* 2025-12-03 17:26:56  Brian Krznarich <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/日本語の一人称代名詞

私（わたし）
日本人が最も多く使用する一人称である。
  Comments: 
My previous analysis was facile.  Could still be wrong after posting this. 

The smoking gun:
一人称が名前の	52	
google "一人称が名前の女" (20+ pages)

While an exception, one's own name cannot be a pronoun. (children using their own name as self-address).  Regardless, I think "pronoun" remains the most common translation, with 名前 as an exception. I would definitely not drop it.

The wikipedia article on 一人称代名詞 actually uses 一人称. 

I gave gemini the full text of the wikipedia article, and asked some basic questions. The conclusions are consistent with my own thinking to this point.  This is not authoritative, an LLM will say different things on different days.  But this does seem about right to me with all I've seen thus far. It's a good read.

https://gemini.google.com/share/e5bb9a719ece

I think this is correct:
"You use 一人称 (short form) because you are discussing [a person's] identity and choices. You would only use 一人称代名詞 (long form) if you were analyzing the word "Boku" itself as a linguistic object, unrelated to the specific [person] using it."

And I tend to believe this as well:
"In Japanese usage, if a child (or an adult acting cute) calls herself "Hanako," then "Hanako" is her 一人称 (ichininshō)."

I've been tempted to drop [fld=gramm] on my own for a bit. Gemini independently reached the same conclusion.

Transmuting 二人称 and 三人称 this way isn't trivial, but gemeni's initial ideas are(I have not massaged these):
二人称 
[2][n] term of address (for the listener); way of calling one's partner in conversation; choice of second-person pronoun (e.g. anata, kimi, omae)
三人称 
[2][n] third party; outsider; disinterested person; someone unconnected to the matter at hand (Synonymous with 第三者)

オタク（三人称）is actually a perfect example of 三人称[2]. オタク(third party).  I still support [3] here because it has a life of its own, but the revised [2] clarifies the meaning.I would not advocate a special 3rd gloss on the 2nd and 3rd person(they are far less common, and probably more practical/literal).

"オタク（一人称）"　31 pages of google hits
"オタク（ニ人称）"　2 pages of google hits (practically nothing)
"オタク（三人称）"　1 page of google hits
  Diff: 
@@ -21,2 +21,3 @@
-<field>&gramm;</field>
-<gloss>(a specific) first-person pronoun (e.g. watashi, boku, ore, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>one's term of self-reference (e.g. watashi, boku, uchi, one's own name, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>one's first-person pronoun</gloss>
+<gloss>the way one refers to oneself</gloss>
(show/hide 12 older log entries)

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1169110 Active (id: 2354001)
引き払う [news2,nf47] ； 引きはらう [sK] ； 引払う [sK]
【 ひきはらう [news2,nf47] 】
1. [v5u,vt]
▶ to move out (of)
▶ to leave
▶ to vacate

Conjugations


History:
3. A 2025-12-09 23:01:44  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
gg5, prog, wisdom
  Diff: 
@@ -24,0 +25,2 @@
+<gloss>to move out (of)</gloss>
+<gloss>to leave</gloss>
@@ -26 +27,0 @@
-<gloss>to move out</gloss>
2. A 2025-12-09 07:44:35  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-12-09 07:35:35  GM <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
引き払う　 11,428  96.7% 
引きはらう     59   0.5% -sK
引払う　　    152   1.3% -sK
ひきはらう    179   1.5%
  Diff: 
@@ -10,0 +11 @@
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -14 +15 @@
-<ke_inf>&io;</ke_inf>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1252520 Active (id: 2353979)
警報 [ichi1,news1,nf09]
【 けいほう [ichi1,news1,nf09] 】
1. [n]
▶ warning
▶ alarm
▶ alert



History:
1. A 2025-12-09 12:16:13  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
gg5, luminous
  Comments: 
The JEs lead with "warning".
  Diff: 
@@ -17,0 +18 @@
+<gloss>warning</gloss>
@@ -19 +20 @@
-<gloss>warning</gloss>
+<gloss>alert</gloss>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1257260 Active (id: 2353990)
嫌がらせ [news1,nf15] ； 厭がらせ [rK]
【 いやがらせ [news1,nf15] ； イヤガラセ [sk] ； イヤがらせ [sk] 】
1. [n]
▶ harassment
▶ pestering



History:
4. A 2025-12-09 17:53:14  Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2025-12-09 17:45:17  parfait8
  Comments: 
found them used
  Diff: 
@@ -16,0 +17,8 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>イヤガラセ</reb>
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>イヤがらせ</reb>
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
2. A 2023-09-24 07:51:47  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2023-09-24 04:12:42  Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーーーー─┬─────────┬───────╮
│ 嫌がらせ　 │ 841,529 │ 79.8% │
│ 厭がらせ　 │     955 │  0.1% │ - rK (meikyo, smk)
│ 嫌ガラセ　 │     142 │  0.0% │
│ いやがらせ │ 187,280 │ 17.8% │
│ イヤガラセ │  22,114 │  2.1% │
│ イヤがらせ │   2,629 │  0.2% │
╰─ーーーーー─┴─────────┴───────╯
  Diff: 
@@ -10,0 +11 @@
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1260080 Active (id: 2354622)
見方によって； 見かたによって [sK]
【 みかたによって 】
1. [exp]
▶ depending on how you look at it
▶ from a certain point of view



History:
5. A 2025-12-17 10:33:20  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Quiet
4. A* 2025-12-09 04:35:52  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
GG5: 見方によっては in one view; in a (certain) 「way [sense]; viewed from another angle
  Comments: 
I'd keep it.
3. A* 2025-12-09 04:22:59  Marcus Richert
  Refs: 
見方によって	63057	98.2%
みかたによって	187	0.3%
見かたによって	989	1.5%


見方によって	62998	  
見方によっては	49616	  
見方によって変わる	592	  
見方によっていろいろ	504	  
見方によってはそう	461	  
見方によって違う	450	  
見方によっては非常	337	  
見方によっては非常に	332	  
見方によっては面白い	315	  
見方によってはかなり	313	  
見方によって異なる	311
  Comments: 
I think it's actually worth having, given 7 years to reflect on it. maybe without the は
  Diff: 
@@ -5 +5,5 @@
-<keb>見方によっては</keb>
+<keb>見方によって</keb>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>見かたによって</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -8 +12 @@
-<reb>みかたによっては</reb>
+<reb>みかたによって</reb>
@@ -11,2 +15,3 @@
-<pos>&n;</pos>
-<gloss>depending on one's point of view</gloss>
+<pos>&exp;</pos>
+<gloss>depending on how you look at it</gloss>
+<gloss>from a certain point of view</gloss>
2. D 2018-10-07 09:34:26  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Nope.
1. A* 2018-10-07 08:01:02  Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
km
見方によっては	No matches
  Comments: 
Is this worthwhile keeping in?

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1301030 Active (id: 2354120)
三人称； ３人称 [sK]
【 さんにんしょう 】
1. [n] {grammar}
▶ third person
2. [n]
▶ third-person reference term
▶ term used to refer to someone or something in the third person



History:
5. A 2025-12-11 02:27:58  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-12-10 22:28:45  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Style alignment with 二人称.
  Diff: 
@@ -8,0 +9 @@
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -16 +17 @@
-<gloss>(the) third person</gloss>
+<gloss>third person</gloss>
@@ -20,10 +21,2 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="2154580">三人称代名詞</xref>
-<field>&gramm;</field>
-<gloss>third-person pronoun</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&n;</pos>
-<field>&gramm;</field>
-<misc>&rare;</misc>
-<gloss>third-person reference term (e.g. pronoun, kinship term, title, name, etc.)</gloss>
-<gloss>word or expression used to refer to someone or something other than the speaker or addressee(s)</gloss>
+<gloss>third-person reference term</gloss>
+<gloss>term used to refer to someone or something in the third person</gloss>
3. A* 2025-12-09 03:06:34  Brian Krznarich <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
A whole page on the 3rd person and japanese 3rd person pronouns that does not use the word 代名詞 at all
https://kotonohaweb.net/third-person/
日本語の 三人称 一覧
かれ（彼　男性をさす三人称。
かのじょ（彼女　あの女。その女。この女


Evidence for [3]?  Perhaps still [1].  I have read that English classes in Japan define 三人称 as "everything that isn't 一人称 or 二人称" for verb agreement purposes.  
https://www.rarejob.com/englishlab/column/20210902_03/
三人称とは、話し手と聞き手以外のすべての人やもののこと。つまり、I（私）, we（私たち）, you（あなた、あなたたち）を含まないものすべてということになります。he（彼）, she（彼女）, it（それ）, Tom（トム）, my book（私の本）などはすべて三人称です。
Google:
The third person refers to everyone and everything other than the speaker and listener. In other words, everything that doesn't include I, we, or you. He, she, it, Tom, and my book are all third person pronouns.

numeric orthography:
３人称単数の動詞に s が付く理由
https://nazebumpo.livedoor.blog/archives/353651.html
  Comments: 
Wrapping up a proposal for 一人称・二人称・三人称

Unlike 一人称　and 二人称, selection of the "proper" 三人称 is not such a great topic of conversation.  Most uses I can find is just talking about pronouns, both Japanese and foreign."英語の三人称" for example (sometimes appears as 英語の三人称代名詞, but not always).

Still, it seems by extension that sense [3] must exist, at least in academic contexts.  I've tagged it [rare]. That seems better than omitting it and having it appear to be missing. There's an argument to drop it though. 

This supposes that あの人 is a third-person pronoun.  Japanese dictionaries seem to treat it as such.
  Diff: 
@@ -5,0 +6,3 @@
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>３人称</keb>
@@ -13 +16 @@
-<gloss>third person</gloss>
+<gloss>(the) third person</gloss>
@@ -19,0 +23,7 @@
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<field>&gramm;</field>
+<misc>&rare;</misc>
+<gloss>third-person reference term (e.g. pronoun, kinship term, title, name, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>word or expression used to refer to someone or something other than the speaker or addressee(s)</gloss>
2. A* 2025-12-02 03:36:35  Brian Krznarich <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
daijs
https://kotobank.jp/word/三人称-514509#w-1983500
〘 名詞 〙 文法範疇(はんちゅう)の一つ。話し手（書き手）・聞き手（読み手）と区別して、それら以外の人、また、物・事態について、指し示す語。日本語では、代名詞についてだけいう。「あれ」「これ」「それ」「どれ」「彼(かれ)」「彼女」「どなた」「だれ」など。第三人称。他称。〔日本文典（1876）〕


三人称	46932	  
三人称の	6791	  
三人称で	6521	  
三人称に	3043	  
三人称が	1833	  
三人称を	1136	  
三人称視点で	1054	  
三人称は	1031	  
三人称的	997	  
三人称視点の	995	  
三人称と	963	  
三人称複数	912	  
三人称単数現在	872	  
三人称単数の	840	  
三人称で書かれ	722	  
三人称視点	689	  
三人称単数	606	  
三人称小説	500
  Comments: 
daijs. see also 一人称
  Diff: 
@@ -14,0 +15,6 @@
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="2154580">三人称代名詞</xref>
+<field>&gramm;</field>
+<gloss>third-person pronoun</gloss>
+</sense>
1. A 2021-12-14 01:51:14  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Bulk convert ling to gramm
-*- via bulkupd.py -*-
  Diff: 
@@ -12 +12 @@
-<field>&ling;</field>
+<field>&gramm;</field>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1397260 Active (id: 2354009)
素振り； 素振 [io]
【 そぶり 】
1. [n]
▶ behavior
▶ behaviour
▶ manner
▶ attitude
▶ bearing



History:
9. A 2025-12-09 23:30:36  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Diff: 
@@ -16 +15,0 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="1749550">素振り</xref>
8. A 2025-12-09 07:51:37  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
See comment on 1749550.
  Diff: 
@@ -17 +16,0 @@
-<s_inf>when read as すぶり, it has a different meaning</s_inf>
7. A* 2025-12-09 07:21:54  GM <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
oukoku:
「すぶり」と読めば別の意になる。

iwakoku:
▽「すぶり」と読めば別の意。

sankoku xref
  Diff: 
@@ -15,0 +16,2 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="1749550">素振り</xref>
+<s_inf>when read as すぶり, it has a different meaning</s_inf>
6. A 2010-07-22 13:12:15  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
5. A* 2010-07-22 13:00:09  Scott
  Refs: 
芥川龍之介 世の中と女;
田中貢太郎 阿芳の怨霊;
樋口一葉 軒もる月
  Comments: 
for future reference
(show/hide 4 older log entries)

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jmdict 1426560 Active (id: 2354013)
注意報 [news1,nf21]
【 ちゅういほう [news1,nf21] 】
1. [n] {meteorology}
▶ advisory



History:
2. A 2025-12-09 23:44:10  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-12-09 12:12:38  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
gg5:【気象】 a 《storm》 advisory [watch].
暴風警報が注意報に切り替わった.　The storm warning was changed [downgraded] to an advisory.
daijr: 警報よりは警戒度が低い。
  Comments: 
Dropping "warning".
  Diff: 
@@ -16 +16 @@
-<gloss>warning (e.g. for a storm)</gloss>
+<field>&met;</field>

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jmdict 1460750 Active (id: 2353973)
軟膏； 軟こう [sK]
【 なんこう 】
1. [n]
▶ ointment
▶ salve
Cross references:
  ⇔ see: 2219400 硬膏 1. plaster (type of bandage)
  ⇐ see: 2644920 軟膏剤【なんこうざい】 1. ointment; salve



History:
5. A 2025-12-09 07:46:52  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-12-09 07:03:32  GM <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
daijs, etc.
  Diff: 
@@ -15,0 +16 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="2219400">硬膏</xref>
3. A 2024-11-21 22:24:17  Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Many kokugos contrast this with 硬膏
2. A* 2024-11-21 21:57:49  parfait8
  Diff: 
@@ -8,0 +9 @@
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
1. A 2018-06-11 16:31:46  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
G n-grams:
軟膏	280989
軟こう	5770
  Diff: 
@@ -5,0 +6,3 @@
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>軟こう</keb>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1462500 Active (id: 2354062)
二人称； ２人称 [sK]
【 ににんしょう 】
1. [n] {grammar}
▶ second person
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 1410100 対称【たいしょう】 2. second person
2. [n]
▶ second-person address term (e.g. pronoun, personal name, kinship term, title)
▶ form of address used for the second person



History:
6. A 2025-12-10 22:22:34  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I think sense 2 is more colloquial. Probably shouldn't have a grammar tag.
  Diff: 
@@ -21 +20,0 @@
-<field>&gramm;</field>
5. A 2025-12-10 11:04:01  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-12-09 20:39:01  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I don't think we need a "second-person pronoun" sense in addition to these two. Sense 2 includes personal pronouns.
Definite article not needed for sense 1.
  Diff: 
@@ -8,0 +9 @@
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -16,7 +17 @@
-<gloss>(the) second person</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&n;</pos>
-<xref type="see" seq="2154570">二人称代名詞</xref>
-<field>&gramm;</field>
-<gloss>second-person pronoun</gloss>
+<gloss>second person</gloss>
@@ -27,2 +22,2 @@
-<gloss>second-person reference term (e.g. pronoun, kinship term, title, name, etc.)</gloss>
-<gloss>word or expression used to refer to one's addressee(s)</gloss>
+<gloss>second-person address term (e.g. pronoun, personal name, kinship term, title)</gloss>
+<gloss>form of address used for the second person</gloss>
3. A* 2025-12-09 03:07:16  Brian Krznarich <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
Elucidating. A whole subsection called 代名詞を使わない二人称
i.e. 二人称 that don't use pronouns
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/日本語の二人称代名詞
For example, kinship terms:
血縁関係
お父さん（パパ）・お母さん（ママ）・お爺ちゃん・お婆ちゃん・おじさん・おばさん 等
Customers： 
お客様
客に対して使う二人称。「お客さん」もよく使われる。
  Comments: 
Wrapping up a proposal for 一人称・二人称・三人称

Notes mostly at 一人称. Some comments at 三人称.

お父さん cannot be [2]. But in many contexts 二人称 is being used as shorthand for "pronoun", especially in foreign language classroom contexts.

The wikipedia article is fascinating.  It has a whole section called "代名詞を使わない二人称".  We could dither about whether [3] is technically a contorted use of [1], but in practice for translation purposes, 二人称 seems to be used to mean "the words themselves".  The wikipedia example for お客様 is the most unambiguous:
お客様
客に対して使う二人称。「お客さん」もよく使われる。
  Diff: 
@@ -5,0 +6,3 @@
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>２人称</keb>
@@ -13 +16 @@
-<gloss>second person</gloss>
+<gloss>(the) second person</gloss>
@@ -19,0 +23,6 @@
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<field>&gramm;</field>
+<gloss>second-person reference term (e.g. pronoun, kinship term, title, name, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>word or expression used to refer to one's addressee(s)</gloss>
2. A* 2025-12-02 03:31:31  Brian Krznarich <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
二人称	32466	97.6%
二人称代名詞	786	2.4%

daijs
https://kotobank.jp/word/二人称-592514
文法で人称の一。話し手（書き手）に対して、聞き手（読み手）をさし示すもの。日本語では、「あなた」「あなたがた」「きみ」「きみたち」など。第二人称。対称。
  Comments: 
See also edit to 一人称. daijs
  Diff: 
@@ -14,0 +15,6 @@
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="2154570">二人称代名詞</xref>
+<field>&gramm;</field>
+<gloss>second-person pronoun</gloss>
+</sense>
(show/hide 1 older log entries)

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1477020 Active (id: 2353939)
八方 [news1,nf21]
【 はっぽう [news1,nf21] 】
1. [n]
▶ all sides
▶ the four cardinal directions and the four ordinal directions
2. [n] [abbr,hist]
▶ large hanging paper lantern
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2536740 八方行灯 1. large hanging paper lantern (used in bathhouses, yose theatres, izakaya, etc.)



History:
6. A 2025-12-09 00:51:30  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Aligning.
  Diff: 
@@ -23 +23,2 @@
-<gloss>large hanging lantern</gloss>
+<misc>&hist;</misc>
+<gloss>large hanging paper lantern</gloss>
5. A 2025-12-06 07:32:04  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-12-06 01:21:58  Joe Murray
  Refs: 
https://kotobank.jp/word/八方-603006#w-603006

daijs - abbr on 2nd sense
  Diff: 
@@ -21,0 +22 @@
+<misc>&abbr;</misc>
3. A 2014-09-26 02:45:37  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2014-09-25 07:01:26  Marcus Richert
  Diff: 
@@ -17 +17 @@
-<gloss>the four cardinal directions and the four corners</gloss>
+<gloss>the four cardinal directions and the four ordinal directions</gloss>
(show/hide 1 older log entries)

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1500220 Active (id: 2353947)
伏せる [ichi1] ； 臥せる [sK]
【 ふせる [ichi1] 】
1. [v1,vt]
▶ to lay (something) face down
▶ to place upside down
▶ to turn over (face down)
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 1602650 伏す【ふす】 5. to lay (something) face down; to place upside down; to turn over (face down)
2. [v1,vt]
▶ to point downwards (one's eyes, head, etc.)
▶ to cast down (one's eyes)
3. [v1,vt,vi]
▶ to lay (oneself) face down
▶ to lie face down
▶ to lie flat (on one's stomach)
▶ to throw (oneself) to the ground
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 1602650 伏す【ふす】 1. to lie face down; to lie flat (on one's stomach); to fall prostrate
4. [v1,vt]
▶ to conceal
▶ to hide
▶ to keep secret
▶ to place in hiding (e.g. troops for an ambush)
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 1602650 伏す【ふす】 6. to conceal; to hide; to keep secret
5. [v1,vt]
▶ to bring (someone) down
▶ to kill
6. [v1,vi]
《also written as 臥せる》
▶ to lie down (and sleep)
▶ to go to bed (with an illness)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1197670 臥せる 1. to lie down (and sleep); to go to bed (with an illness)

Conjugations


History:
10. A 2025-12-09 02:38:39  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff: 
@@ -35 +35 @@
-<gloss>to life flat (on one's stomach)</gloss>
+<gloss>to lie flat (on one's stomach)</gloss>
9. A 2025-12-08 23:17:15  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Done.
  Diff: 
@@ -57 +57 @@
-<gloss>to lie down (in bed)</gloss>
+<gloss>to lie down (and sleep)</gloss>
8. A 2025-12-08 19:33:50  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Thanks. Great if you can sort out the sentences.
7. A* 2025-12-07 00:57:53  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
sankoku, smk, daij, gg5
病に伏せて	1,145	
病に臥せて	142
---	
病に伏せっ	1,113	
病に臥せっ	1,875			
伏せっ	        13,068	
臥せっ	        15,254
  Comments: 
Sankoku has a [v1] "lie down/go to bed" sense.
The [v5r] "lie down/go to bed" sense was added in 2018 because having 伏せる on 1197670 (臥せる) creates overlap between the two entries.
I think 伏せる should be added back to that entry. It's nearly as common as 臥せる. I can fix the sentences.
  Diff: 
@@ -6,0 +7,4 @@
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>臥せる</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -14,0 +19,2 @@
+<gloss>to lay (something) face down</gloss>
+<gloss>to place upside down</gloss>
@@ -16,2 +21,0 @@
-<gloss>to lay face down</gloss>
-<gloss>to lay upside down</gloss>
@@ -22,2 +26,2 @@
-<gloss>to point downwards (eyes, head, etc.)</gloss>
-<gloss>to cast down (eyes)</gloss>
+<gloss>to point downwards (one's eyes, head, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>to cast down (one's eyes)</gloss>
@@ -29,2 +33,4 @@
-<gloss>to lie (one's body) face down</gloss>
-<gloss>to lie flat (on the ground)</gloss>
+<gloss>to lay (oneself) face down</gloss>
+<gloss>to lie face down</gloss>
+<gloss>to life flat (on one's stomach)</gloss>
+<gloss>to throw (oneself) to the ground</gloss>
@@ -41 +47,7 @@
-<pos>&v5r;</pos>
+<pos>&v1;</pos>
+<pos>&vt;</pos>
+<gloss>to bring (someone) down</gloss>
+<gloss>to kill</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&v1;</pos>
@@ -43,4 +55,3 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="1197670">臥せる・ふせる</xref>
-<s_inf>usu. 臥せる</s_inf>
-<gloss>to lie down</gloss>
-<gloss>to retire</gloss>
+<xref type="see" seq="1197670">臥せる</xref>
+<s_inf>also written as 臥せる</s_inf>
+<gloss>to lie down (in bed)</gloss>
6. A 2018-06-12 21:30:00  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
(show/hide 5 older log entries)

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1531410 Active (id: 2354900)
名義 [ichi1,news1,nf05] ； 名儀 [sK]
【 めいぎ [ichi1,news1,nf05] 】
1. [n]
▶ name (esp. on a deed, contract, work, etc.)
▶ formal name
▶ published name
2. [n]
▶ moral duty
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1641250 名分 1. moral duty; moral obligations
3. [n]
▶ justification
▶ pretext



History:
10. A 2025-12-21 07:18:06  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Maybe this.
  Diff: 
@@ -22,0 +23 @@
+<gloss>formal name</gloss>
9. A* 2025-12-14 13:09:02 
  Refs: 
nikk: ① 表立った名前。表面上・形式上の名称。
koj: ③ 表面上の名前。
  Comments: 
basically I think the 表立った part is missing from the definition but I'm out of ideas
8. A 2025-12-09 07:44:10  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
GG5, etc.
  Comments: 
Tweaking a little.
  Diff: 
@@ -22 +22,2 @@
-<gloss>name (esp. on a deed, contract, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>name (esp. on a deed, contract, work, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>published name</gloss>
7. A* 2025-12-05 12:10:48 
  Comments: 
isn't this also used to describe a writer's/musician's/other's name used for a publication?

you can find literally thousands of examples on wikipedia, mostly artist names:
2018年から2021年まではR（あーる）名義で活動していた。
1990年にあんしんパパ名義で発売された、
旧名義は高橋 未奈美（読みは同じ）。
6枚目ベストアルバム『39 Very much』まではKinKi Kids名義。
サンタナ・ブラザーズ名義のアルバムを発表。
1970年（昭和45年）8月19日にサン化学へ名義変更した。

I'd recommend something like "name one is using" or "public name" or "published name"

兄さんが父さん名義でこの学園に支払った入学金、寄付金、年間授業料をあわせると１０００万くらいは行ったらしい。 (here: using father's name)
6. A 2023-09-15 22:52:27  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
(show/hide 5 older log entries)

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1533560 Active (id: 2354048)
面倒くさい [spec1] ； 面倒臭い [ichi1] ； メンド臭い [sK] ； めんど臭い [sK]
【 めんどくさい [spec1] ； めんどうくさい [ichi1] ； メンドくさい [sk] 】
1. [adj-i] [uk]
▶ bothersome
▶ tiresome
▶ bother to do
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2837327 おとろしい 1. bothersome; tiresome; bother to do
  ⇐ see: 2838110 面倒くさがる【めんどうくさがる】 1. to begrudge doing; to find bothersome
  ⇐ see: 2078360 面倒い【めんどい】 1. troublesome; bothersome

Conjugations


History:
5. A 2025-12-10 20:03:27  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-12-10 19:36:50  parfait8
  Refs: 
Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーーーーー─┬───────┬───────╮
│ メンド臭い　 │ 2,489 │ 65.2% │
│ めんど臭い　 │   975 │ 25.5% │
│ めんどう臭い │   354 │  9.3% │
╰─ーーーーーー─┴───────┴───────╯
  Diff: 
@@ -10,0 +11,8 @@
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>メンド臭い</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>めんど臭い</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
3. A* 2025-12-09 18:01:52  parfait8
  Refs: 
メンドくさい	11,563
  Diff: 
@@ -18,0 +19,4 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>メンドくさい</reb>
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
2. A 2015-04-10 03:06:32  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2015-04-10 00:28:46  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
Daijr, GG5, etc. N-grams:
面倒くさい	742704
面倒臭い	174916
めんどうくさい	25104
めんどくさい	1133520
  Comments: 
The refs prefer めんどうくさい, but people mostly write めんどくさい.
  Diff: 
@@ -13,2 +13 @@
-<reb>めんどうくさい</reb>
-<re_pri>ichi1</re_pri>
+<reb>めんどくさい</reb>
@@ -18 +17,2 @@
-<reb>めんどくさい</reb>
+<reb>めんどうくさい</reb>
+<re_pri>ichi1</re_pri>
@@ -22 +22,2 @@
-<gloss>bother(some) to do</gloss>
+<misc>&uk;</misc>
+<gloss>bothersome</gloss>
@@ -23,0 +25 @@
+<gloss>bother to do</gloss>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1557400 Active (id: 2354016)
励起
【 れいき 】
1. [n,vs,vt,vi] {physics}
▶ excitation
2. [n,vs,vt,vi]
▶ stimulation
▶ revitalization
▶ reinvigoration

Conjugations


History:
2. A 2025-12-09 23:54:44  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-12-09 17:54:56  parfait8
  Refs: 
sankoku, smk, shinkoku, etc.
  Diff: 
@@ -13 +13,13 @@
-<gloss>(electrical) excitation</gloss>
+<pos>&vt;</pos>
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
+<field>&physics;</field>
+<gloss>excitation</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<pos>&vs;</pos>
+<pos>&vt;</pos>
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
+<gloss>stimulation</gloss>
+<gloss>revitalization</gloss>
+<gloss>reinvigoration</gloss>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1602650 Active (id: 2353961)
伏す
【 ふす 】
1. [v5s,vi]
▶ to lie face down
▶ to lie flat (on one's stomach)
▶ to fall prostrate
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1500220 伏せる 3. to lay (oneself) face down; to lie face down; to lie flat (on one's stomach); to throw (oneself) to the ground
2. [v5s,vi]
▶ to bend down (in submission)
▶ to bow down
▶ to prostrate oneself
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1500190 伏して 1. bowing down; humbly; respectfully
3. [v5s,vi]
▶ to (crouch) and hide (behind)
▶ to conceal oneself
4. [v5s,vi]
《usu. as 臥す》
▶ to lie down (and sleep)
▶ to go to bed (with an illness)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1197670 臥せる 1. to lie down (and sleep); to go to bed (with an illness)
5. [v5s,vt]
▶ to lay (something) face down
▶ to place upside down
▶ to turn over (face down)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1500220 伏せる 1. to lay (something) face down; to place upside down; to turn over (face down)
6. [v5s,vt]
▶ to conceal
▶ to hide
▶ to keep secret
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1500220 伏せる 4. to conceal; to hide; to keep secret; to place in hiding (e.g. troops for an ambush)

Conjugations


History:
5. A 2025-12-09 04:57:36  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-12-09 03:12:10  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
gg5, daij, meikyo, sankoku, smk
  Comments: 
I've changed the sense split and ordering a little.
I'm not seeing a "to point downwards (of eyes, head, etc.)" sense in the refs.
  Diff: 
@@ -12 +11,0 @@
-<pos>&vt;</pos>
@@ -14,2 +13 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="1500220">伏せる・1</xref>
-<gloss>to turn over (face down)</gloss>
+<xref type="see" seq="1500220">伏せる・3</xref>
@@ -17,8 +15,2 @@
-<gloss>to lie upside down</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&v1;</pos>
-<pos>&vi;</pos>
-<xref type="see" seq="1500220">伏せる・2</xref>
-<gloss>to point downwards (of eyes, head, etc.)</gloss>
-<gloss>to cast down (of a gaze, eyes, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>to lie flat (on one's stomach)</gloss>
+<gloss>to fall prostrate</gloss>
@@ -29,4 +21,18 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="1500220">伏せる・3</xref>
-<s_inf>also as 臥す</s_inf>
-<gloss>to lie face down (of one's body)</gloss>
-<gloss>to lie flat (on the ground)</gloss>
+<xref type="see" seq="1500190">伏して</xref>
+<gloss>to bend down (in submission)</gloss>
+<gloss>to bow down</gloss>
+<gloss>to prostrate oneself</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&v5s;</pos>
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
+<gloss>to (crouch) and hide (behind)</gloss>
+<gloss>to conceal oneself</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&v5s;</pos>
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="1197670">臥せる</xref>
+<s_inf>usu. as 臥す</s_inf>
+<gloss>to lie down (and sleep)</gloss>
+<gloss>to go to bed (with an illness)</gloss>
@@ -37,6 +43,4 @@
-<pos>&vi;</pos>
-<xref type="see" seq="1500220">伏せる・4</xref>
-<gloss>to hide</gloss>
-<gloss>to conceal (oneself)</gloss>
-<gloss>to stay secret</gloss>
-<gloss>to lie low (e.g. of troops for an ambush)</gloss>
+<xref type="see" seq="1500220">伏せる・1</xref>
+<gloss>to lay (something) face down</gloss>
+<gloss>to place upside down</gloss>
+<gloss>to turn over (face down)</gloss>
@@ -46,15 +50,5 @@
-<pos>&vi;</pos>
-<xref type="see" seq="2224700">臥す・ふす</xref>
-<xref type="see" seq="1500220">伏せる・5</xref>
-<s_inf>usu. as 臥す</s_inf>
-<gloss>to lie down (in bed)</gloss>
-<gloss>to become bedridden (with an illness)</gloss>
-<gloss>to retire</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&v5s;</pos>
-<pos>&vi;</pos>
-<misc>&form;</misc>
-<gloss>to bend down (before)</gloss>
-<gloss>to bow down (to)</gloss>
-<gloss>to prostrate oneself</gloss>
+<pos>&vt;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="1500220">伏せる・4</xref>
+<gloss>to conceal</gloss>
+<gloss>to hide</gloss>
+<gloss>to keep secret</gloss>
3. A* 2025-12-06 14:09:26  Sombrero1
  Refs: 
Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーー─┬────────┬───────╮
│ 伏せる │ 89,605 │ 81.3% │
│ 伏す　 │ 20,551 │ 18.7% │
╰─ーーー─┴────────┴───────╯
Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーー─┬───────┬───────╮
│ に伏す │ 8,942 │ 91.9% │
│ を伏す │   731 │  7.5% │
│ が伏す │    53 │  0.5% │
╰─ーーー─┴───────┴───────╯
╭─ーーーー─┬────────┬───────╮
│ を伏せる │ 31,591 │ 69.1% │
│ に伏せる │ 13,590 │ 29.7% │
│ が伏せる │    522 │  1.1% │
╰─ーーーー─┴────────┴───────╯

BCCWJ:
｛を｝｛〘語彙素＝伏す〙｝＝ 8
｛が｝｛〘語彙素＝伏す〙｝＝ 4
｛に｝｛〘語彙素＝伏す〙｝＝ 84 
For the に～ query I manually went through the results and removed the few transitive ones from the count.
Since ｛に｝｛〘語彙素＝伏す〙｝does not rule out transitive usage.

｛を｝｛〘語彙素＝伏せる〙｝＝ 608
｛が｝｛〘語彙素＝伏せる〙｝＝ 21
｛に｝｛〘語彙素＝伏せる〙｝＝ 146
I did not manually check the に～ results here as their count here isn't that relevant to my point.

ーーーーーーーーーーーー

Shinsen:
自五
❶顔を下に向け、からだを地面に接する。
❷足をのばして、はらばいになる。
❸かくれる。「物かげに━」
❹ひれふす。「伏して願う」
❺病気になって寝る。「かぜで━」

Sankoku:
一｟自五｠
①姿勢を低くして、かくれる。
「草に━」
②うつぶせになる。
③たおれて横になる。
④〔文〕ひれふす。☞伏して。
⑤［臥×す］ふせる。
「床(とこ)に伏しがちだった」
二｟他五｠
①うつぶせにする。
②かくす。
「名を━」
一二：伏せる。


The note on sense three is based on GendaiRK and GendaiSK.

.
  Comments: 
There appears to be a significant difference in transitivity between 伏せる and 伏す. 
The BCCWJ data and the kokugos corroborate this, and I've adjusted the glosses of the ambitransitive senses to be intransitive.
In fact, sankoku is the only 

The JEs are rather brief on this word. 
I think it can be roughly aligned with 伏せる, with some adjustments.

I've kept 臥す out of this entry for now as it is with 伏せる. I assumed it would also lead to complications with sentences here.
  Diff: 
@@ -11,0 +12 @@
+<pos>&vt;</pos>
@@ -13,3 +14,11 @@
-<gloss>to bend down</gloss>
-<gloss>to bow down</gloss>
-<gloss>to prostrate oneself</gloss>
+<xref type="see" seq="1500220">伏せる・1</xref>
+<gloss>to turn over (face down)</gloss>
+<gloss>to lie face down</gloss>
+<gloss>to lie upside down</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&v1;</pos>
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="1500220">伏せる・2</xref>
+<gloss>to point downwards (of eyes, head, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>to cast down (of a gaze, eyes, etc.)</gloss>
@@ -20 +29,32 @@
-<gloss>to hide oneself</gloss>
+<xref type="see" seq="1500220">伏せる・3</xref>
+<s_inf>also as 臥す</s_inf>
+<gloss>to lie face down (of one's body)</gloss>
+<gloss>to lie flat (on the ground)</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&v5s;</pos>
+<pos>&vt;</pos>
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="1500220">伏せる・4</xref>
+<gloss>to hide</gloss>
+<gloss>to conceal (oneself)</gloss>
+<gloss>to stay secret</gloss>
+<gloss>to lie low (e.g. of troops for an ambush)</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&v5s;</pos>
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="2224700">臥す・ふす</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="1500220">伏せる・5</xref>
+<s_inf>usu. as 臥す</s_inf>
+<gloss>to lie down (in bed)</gloss>
+<gloss>to become bedridden (with an illness)</gloss>
+<gloss>to retire</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&v5s;</pos>
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
+<misc>&form;</misc>
+<gloss>to bend down (before)</gloss>
+<gloss>to bow down (to)</gloss>
+<gloss>to prostrate oneself</gloss>
2. A 2017-05-04 20:36:47  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Koj gives the transitivity.
1. A* 2017-05-04 16:19:01  Mislav Blažević <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I don't know of any other dictionary which has transitivity tags to use as a reference but this verb is clearly intransitive.
  Diff: 
@@ -11,0 +12 @@
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
@@ -17,0 +19 @@
+<pos>&vi;</pos>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1606140 Active (id: 2353975)
喜び [ichi1,news1,nf04] ； 歓び [rK] ； 慶び [rK] ； 悦び [rK]
【 よろこび [ichi1,news1,nf04] 】
1. [n]
▶ joy
▶ delight
▶ rapture
▶ pleasure
▶ gratification
▶ rejoicing
▶ congratulations
▶ felicitations



History:
4. A 2025-12-09 07:50:25  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2025-12-09 07:31:24  GM <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
喜び　　 8,235,841  91.1% 
歓び　　   222,058   2.5% -rK
慶び　　   120,001   1.3% -rK
悦び　　   115,219   1.3% -rK
よろこび   348,751   3.9% 

daijs:
よろこび【喜び／▽悦び／▽歓び／▽慶び】
  Diff: 
@@ -11,0 +12 @@
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
@@ -14,0 +16 @@
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
@@ -17,0 +20 @@
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
2. A 2018-07-08 11:42:00  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2018-07-08 09:04:28  Johan Råde <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
gg5 koj daijs
G n-grams
喜び	8235841
歓び	 222058
慶び	 120001
悦び	 115219
よろこび	 348751
  Comments: 
reordering
removing [oK] from 慶び and 慶び
  Diff: 
@@ -10,0 +11,3 @@
+<keb>歓び</keb>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
@@ -12 +14,0 @@
-<ke_inf>&oK;</ke_inf>
@@ -16,4 +17,0 @@
-<ke_inf>&oK;</ke_inf>
-</k_ele>
-<k_ele>
-<keb>歓び</keb>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1645640 Active (id: 2354007)
生来 [news2,nf32] ； 性来 [rK]
【 せいらい [news2,nf32] ； しょうらい 】
1. [adv,adj-no,n]
▶ by nature
▶ naturally
▶ by birth
▶ innately
▶ congenitally
2. (生来 only) [adv]
▶ since birth
▶ in one's (entire) life



History:
10. A 2025-12-09 23:27:55  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff: 
@@ -35 +35 @@
-<gloss>in one's entire life</gloss>
+<gloss>in one's (entire) life</gloss>
9. A 2025-12-06 20:39:01  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Not common.
8. A* 2025-12-06 18:36:06  parfait8
  Refs: 
smk, meikyo, iwakoku, etc.
  Diff: 
@@ -29,0 +30,6 @@
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<stagk>生来</stagk>
+<pos>&adv;</pos>
+<gloss>since birth</gloss>
+<gloss>in one's entire life</gloss>
7. A 2022-05-07 21:05:05  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
6. A* 2022-05-07 18:32:31  Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
Google N-gram Corpus Counts
132,597	 84.8%	生来
    969	  0.6%	性来
    872	  0.6%	せいらい
 21,942	 14.0%	しょうらい
  Diff: 
@@ -10,0 +11 @@
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
(show/hide 5 older log entries)

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1692300 Active (id: 2354015)
図抜ける [ateji] ； 頭抜ける [ateji] ； ず抜ける
【 ずぬける 】
1. [v1,vi]
▶ to tower above
▶ to stand out
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1632050 ずば抜ける 1. to be by far the best; to be much better; to excel; to be exceptional; to be prominent; to be outstanding; to be a cut above; to tower above the rest

Conjugations


History:
5. A 2025-12-09 23:54:00  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-12-09 15:26:39  parfait8
  Refs: 
smk: 「頭抜ける・図抜ける」は、借字。
daijs: 「ず」は接頭語

Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーーー─┬───────┬───────╮
│ 図抜けて │ 8,394 │ 60.6% │
│ 頭抜けて │ 3,805 │ 27.5% │
│ ず抜けて │ 1,213 │  8.8% │ add
│ ずぬけて │   447 │  3.2% │
╰─ーーーー─┴───────┴───────╯
  Diff: 
@@ -5,0 +6 @@
+<ke_inf>&ateji;</ke_inf>
@@ -8,0 +10,4 @@
+<ke_inf>&ateji;</ke_inf>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>ず抜ける</keb>
3. A 2010-08-25 01:31:46  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2010-08-25 01:30:38  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Adding Scott's xref from other branch.
  Diff: 
@@ -16,0 +16,1 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="1632050">ずば抜ける</xref>
1. A* 2010-08-24 20:02:42  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
more common headword first
  Diff: 
@@ -5,1 +5,1 @@
-<keb>頭抜ける</keb>
+<keb>図抜ける</keb>
@@ -8,1 +8,1 @@
-<keb>図抜ける</keb>
+<keb>頭抜ける</keb>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1749550 Active (id: 2354008)
素振り [news2,nf35]
【 すぶり [news2,nf35] 】
1. [n]
▶ practice-swinging (sword, bat, tennis racket, etc.)



History:
4. A 2025-12-09 23:30:12  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Fair enough. We don't xref the 川柳 entries.
  Diff: 
@@ -16 +15,0 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="1397260">素振り</xref>
3. A* 2025-12-09 23:07:02  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I don't think we should have an x-ref to a word with an unrelated meaning. I also don't think it's helpful. Anyone who looks up 素振り will see both words in the results.
2. A 2025-12-09 07:49:46  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Plenty of Japanese terms have different meanings depending to the reading. We don't use these sorts of notes with them.
  Diff: 
@@ -18 +17,0 @@
-<s_inf>when read as そぶり, it has a different meaning</s_inf>
1. A* 2025-12-09 07:22:08  GM <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
iwakoku
  Comments: 
See そぶり entry.
  Diff: 
@@ -15,0 +16,3 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="1397260">素振り</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="1397260">素振り</xref>
+<s_inf>when read as そぶり, it has a different meaning</s_inf>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 2018500 Active (id: 2353971)

テンパる
1. [v5r,vi] {mahjong}
▶ to become one tile away from completion
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2018600 聴牌 1. tenpai; fishing (i.e. needing one more tile for completion)
  ⇐ see: 1427900 張る【はる】 10. to become one tile away from completion
2. [v5r,vi] [col]
▶ to be at one's wits' end
▶ to be about to blow one's fuse

Conjugations


History:
6. A 2025-12-09 07:45:52  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
5. A* 2025-12-09 06:46:37  GM <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
daijs, meikyo, sankoku, oukoku
  Comments: 
daijs and meikyo have〔俗〕on the second sense only, whereas sankoku and oukoku have it on the whole entry.
  Diff: 
@@ -16,0 +17 @@
+<misc>&col;</misc>
4. A 2014-12-21 05:05:04  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
  Diff: 
@@ -11 +11,2 @@
-<gloss>to become one tile away from completion (mahjong)</gloss>
+<field>&mahj;</field>
+<gloss>to become one tile away from completion</gloss>
3. A 2012-10-08 22:11:15  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2012-10-08 21:49:30  Paul Upchurch <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
daij
  Diff: 
@@ -9,0 +9,8 @@
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="2018600">聴牌</xref>
+<gloss>to become one tile away from completion (mahjong)</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&v5r;</pos>
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
+<gloss>to be at one's wits' end</gloss>
(show/hide 1 older log entries)

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 2078360 Active (id: 2354245)
面倒い [rK]
【 めんどい； メンドイ [sk] ； メンドい [sk] 】
1. [adj-i] [col,uk]
▶ troublesome
▶ bothersome
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1533560 【めんどくさい】 1. bothersome; tiresome; bother to do

Conjugations


History:
6. A 2025-12-13 00:43:47  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
meikyo
  Comments: 
メンドイ is <20%.
  Diff: 
@@ -13 +13 @@
-<re_nokanji/>
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
@@ -21 +21 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="1533550">面倒・1</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="1533560">めんどくさい</xref>
5. A 2025-12-12 07:18:38  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
Daijirin
  Comments: 
Probably
  Diff: 
@@ -22 +22,2 @@
-<misc>&sl;</misc>
+<misc>&col;</misc>
+<misc>&uk;</misc>
4. A* 2025-12-09 18:06:06  parfait8
  Refs: 
Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーーー─┬─────────┬───────╮
│ 面倒い　 │   7,586 │  1.6% │ add rK
│ めんどい │ 375,666 │ 80.0% │
│ メンドイ │  79,116 │ 16.8% │ add
│ メンドい │   7,291 │  1.6% │ add
╰─ーーーー─┴─────────┴───────╯
  Comments: 
isn't [col] more appropriate here?
  Diff: 
@@ -5,0 +6 @@
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
@@ -8,0 +10,8 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>メンドイ</reb>
+<re_nokanji/>
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>メンドい</reb>
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
3. A 2014-03-29 17:57:08  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2014-03-29 06:23:03  Marcus Richert
  Diff: 
@@ -12,0 +13 @@
+<misc>&sl;</misc>
(show/hide 1 older log entries)

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 2109610 Active (id: 2355877)
あり得ない [spec1] ； 有り得ない； 有得ない [sK] ； 有りえない [sK] ； あり得無い [sK]
【 ありえない [spec1] 】
1. [adj-i] [uk]
▶ impossible
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2851621 【ありえる】 1. to be possible; to be conceivable; to be likely; to be probable
  ⇐ see: 2706100 ありえんてぃー 1. that's impossible; I can't believe it
2. [adj-i] [uk]
▶ unthinkable
▶ unbelievable
▶ ridiculous
▶ absurd

Conjugations


History:
18. A 2025-12-31 20:49:14  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
17. A* 2025-12-31 14:15:52  parfait8
  Refs: 
あり得無い	608
  Diff: 
@@ -16,0 +17,4 @@
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>あり得無い</keb>
16. A 2025-12-12 21:05:41  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
15. A* 2025-12-12 17:32:56  Sean McBroom <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=unbelievable,+unthinkable+&year_start=1800&year_end=2022&corpus=en&smoothing=3
  Comments: 
Common synonym
  Diff: 
@@ -32,0 +33 @@
+<gloss>unbelievable</gloss>
14. A 2025-12-09 17:53:07  Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
(show/hide 13 older log entries)

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 2138010 Active (id: 2354469)
重要参考人
【 じゅうようさんこうにん 】
1. [n] {law}
▶ important witness
▶ material witness
▶ primary witness
2. [n]
▶ prime suspect



History:
4. A 2025-12-15 21:45:11  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Quiet
3. A* 2025-12-09 04:05:13  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
GG5: an important [a key, a material] witness; 〔嫌疑がまだはっきりしない被疑者〕 a prime suspect.
ルミナス: important witness
Reverso: material witness
Eijiro: major witness●material unsworn witness●material witness●primary witness
  Comments: 
Maybe two senses?
  Diff: 
@@ -11,0 +12,2 @@
+<field>&law;</field>
+<gloss>important witness</gloss>
@@ -12,0 +15,5 @@
+<gloss>primary witness</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<gloss>prime suspect</gloss>
2. A* 2025-12-09 02:48:43  Joe Murray
  Refs: 
https://kotobank.jp/word/重要参考人-527783#w-527783
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_witness
  Comments: 
Confusing one because the Daijisen definition implies that the witness knows too much and so becomes a suspect. "material witness" is just the primary witness in a trial, not a suspect in the case. Right now the glosses are conflicting, so it's tempting to take out "suspect", but I also don't think that's quite right. Any suggestions?
  Diff: 
@@ -13 +12,0 @@
-<gloss>suspect</gloss>
1. A 2007-03-28 00:00:00 
  Comments: 
Entry created

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 2172170 Active (id: 2353988)
どら猫； ドラ猫
【 どらねこ 】
1. [n]
▶ stray cat
▶ alley cat
▶ brazen cat which steals food



History:
5. A 2025-12-09 17:52:59  Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-12-09 16:00:02  parfait8
  Refs: 
Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーーー─┬────────┬───────╮
│ どら猫　 │ 37,548 │ 51.2% │
│ ドラ猫　 │ 20,579 │ 28.0% │ add
│ どらねこ │ 15,255 │ 20.8% │
╰─ーーーー─┴────────┴───────╯
  Diff: 
@@ -5,0 +6,3 @@
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>ドラ猫</keb>
3. A 2021-04-30 23:50:36  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2021-04-30 23:44:12  Opencooper
  Refs: 
* daijs
* shinmeikai: 〔口頭〕

どら猫	37548
どらねこ	15255
  Comments: 
The J-E's omit this aspect, though Wisdom has "a bossy alley cat".
  Diff: 
@@ -12,0 +13,2 @@
+<gloss>alley cat</gloss>
+<gloss>brazen cat which steals food</gloss>
1. A 2007-05-30 00:00:00 
  Comments: 
Entry created

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 2219400 Active (id: 2353972)
硬膏
【 こうこう 】
1. [n]
▶ plaster (type of bandage)
Cross references:
  ⇔ see: 1460750 軟膏 1. ointment; salve



History:
3. A 2025-12-09 07:46:35  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2025-12-09 07:04:26  GM <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
daijs, etc.
  Diff: 
@@ -11,0 +12,2 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="1460750">軟膏</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="1460750">軟膏</xref>
1. A 2007-10-06 00:00:00 
  Comments: 
Entry created

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 2224700 Active (id: 2353937)
臥す
【 ふす 】
1. [v5s,vi]
《more formal than 臥せる》
▶ to lie down (in bed)
▶ to retire (to bed)
▶ to become bedridden (with an illness)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1197670 臥せる 1. to lie down (and sleep); to go to bed (with an illness)

Conjugations


History:
4. A 2025-12-09 00:01:51  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I think "retire" captures the literary tone quite well.
  Diff: 
@@ -12,0 +13 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="1197670">臥せる</xref>
@@ -14,0 +16 @@
+<gloss>to retire (to bed)</gloss>
@@ -16 +17,0 @@
-<gloss>to retire</gloss>
3. A 2025-12-06 20:29:28  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2025-12-06 14:17:22  Sombrero1
  Refs: 
Meikyo

Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーー─┬────────┬───────╮
│ 臥す　 │ 10,756 │ 81.2% │
│ 臥せる │  2,484 │ 18.8% │
╰─ーーー─┴────────┴───────╯
Cambridge for "retire":
[ I ] formal or old-fashioned
   to go to bed


.
  Comments: 
Encountered 病に臥す yesterday.

I rarely hear "to retire" with this meaning nowadays.
I think it should come last
  Diff: 
@@ -12,0 +13 @@
+<s_inf>more formal than 臥せる</s_inf>
@@ -13,0 +15,2 @@
+<gloss>to become bedridden (with an illness)</gloss>
+<gloss>to retire</gloss>
1. A 2007-10-06 00:00:00 
  Comments: 
Entry created

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 2352670 Deleted (id: 2354005)
警報メッセージ
【 けいほうメッセージ 】
1. [n] {computing}
▶ warning message



History:
3. D 2025-12-09 23:18:43  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. D* 2025-12-09 12:53:07  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
警報メッセージ	457
  Comments: 
Uncommon A+B compound.
1. A 2008-05-24 00:00:00 
  Comments: 
Entry created

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jmdict 2352680 Deleted (id: 2354004)
警報抽象操作
【 けいほうちゅうしょうそうさ 】
1. [n] {computing}
▶ alert abstract-operation



History:
3. D 2025-12-09 23:15:05  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. D* 2025-12-09 12:51:40  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
警報抽象操作	0
  Comments: 
Not in my refs.
1. A 2008-05-24 00:00:00 
  Comments: 
Entry created

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jmdict 2397490 Active (id: 2354096)
在園
【 ざいえん 】
1. [n,vs,vi]
▶ being enrolled in a kindergarten or nursery school
▶ attending a kindergarten or nursery school

Conjugations


History:
5. A 2025-12-11 00:57:23  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-12-11 00:46:29  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
daijr/s
  Comments: 
I think this is clearer.
  Diff: 
@@ -13 +13,3 @@
-<gloss>enrolment of a child in a kindergarten or nursery school</gloss>
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
+<gloss>being enrolled in a kindergarten or nursery school</gloss>
+<gloss>attending a kindergarten or nursery school</gloss>
3. A 2025-12-10 20:07:14  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2025-12-09 23:50:42 
  Refs: 
daijs includes こども園 also
  Diff: 
@@ -13 +13 @@
-<gloss>enrolment of a child in a kindergarten</gloss>
+<gloss>enrolment of a child in a kindergarten or nursery school</gloss>
1. A 2008-07-23 00:00:00 
  Comments: 
Entry created

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jmdict 2495940 Active (id: 2353946)

シヤー
1. [n]
▶ shear
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1564640 せん断 1. shear; shearing
2. [n]
▶ shearing machine



History:
5. A 2025-12-09 02:37:21  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-12-09 01:50:38  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
koj
  Comments: 
Splitting into senses.
  Diff: 
@@ -8,0 +9 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="1564640">せん断</xref>
@@ -9,0 +11,3 @@
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
3. A 2020-01-07 21:45:08  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2020-01-07 21:20:18  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
koj, daij
  Diff: 
@@ -9,0 +10 @@
+<gloss>shearing machine</gloss>
1. A 2009-07-17 00:00:00 
  Comments: 
Entry created

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jmdict 2521710 Active (id: 2353945)

メロンパン； メロン・パン
1. [n] {food, cooking}
▶ melon bread
▶ [expl] half-melon shaped bun, flavored with artificial melon
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1103090 パン 1. bread; (sweet) pastry
  ⇒ see: 1134190 メロン 1. melon (esp. a muskmelon, Cucumis melo)
  ⇐ see: 2521730 菠蘿包【ポーローパーウ】 1. pineapple bun (Chinese sweet pastry similar to the Japanese melonpan)
  ⇐ see: 2474330 サンライズ 2. half-melon shaped bun



History:
8. A 2025-12-09 02:27:52  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
7. A* 2025-12-09 02:13:54  Joe Murray
  Comments: 
Adding tag
  Diff: 
@@ -13,0 +14 @@
+<field>&food;</field>
6. A 2014-04-22 06:14:34  Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
5. A* 2014-04-22 02:29:43  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
GG5, etc.
  Comments: 
I don't think this is really wasei eigo (or Portuguese), and it's probably better to xref the components rather than define their sources.
  Diff: 
@@ -12,3 +12,4 @@
-<lsource ls_type="part" ls_wasei="y">melon</lsource>
-<lsource xml:lang="por" ls_type="part" ls_wasei="y">pao</lsource>
-<gloss>melon bread (sweet baked good with a bread-dough interior and a cookie-dough crust with ridges resembling a muskmelon)</gloss>
+<xref type="see" seq="1103090">パン・1</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="1134190">メロン</xref>
+<gloss>melon bread</gloss>
+<gloss g_type="expl">half-melon shaped bun, flavored with artificial melon</gloss>
4. A 2013-05-11 11:29:59  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update.Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update.
-*- via bulkupd.py -*-
  Diff: 
@@ -6,0 +6,3 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>メロン・パン</reb>
(show/hide 3 older log entries)

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jmdict 2536740 Active (id: 2353940)
八方行灯
【 はっぽうあんどん 】
1. [n] [hist]
▶ large hanging paper lantern (used in bathhouses, yose theatres, izakaya, etc.)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2536730 八間 1. large hanging paper lantern (used in bathhouses, yose theatres, izakaya, etc.)
  ⇐ see: 1477020 八方【はっぽう】 2. large hanging paper lantern



History:
2. A 2025-12-09 00:52:02  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Algining.
  Diff: 
@@ -13 +13,2 @@
-<gloss>large hanging paper lantern</gloss>
+<misc>&hist;</misc>
+<gloss>large hanging paper lantern (used in bathhouses, yose theatres, izakaya, etc.)</gloss>
1. A 2010-03-18 00:00:00 
  Comments: 
Entry created

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jmdict 2575460 Active pending (parent: 1041510) (id: 2353982)
支え； 痞え； 閊え [rK] ； 痞 [sK]
【 つかえ 】
1. [n] [uk]
▶ load on one's chest
2. (支え,閊え only) [n] [uk]
▶ obstacle
▶ hindrance
▶ impediment
▶ difficulty



History:
4. A* 2025-12-09 12:59:36  Marcus Richert
  Refs: 
つかえ感	1892	83.6% (feeling you have something stuck in tour throat, globus sensation
支え感	305	13.5%
痞え感	67	3.0%
痞感	0	0.0%
閊え感	0	0.0%

daijs
つかえ〔つかへ〕【▽支え／×閊え】
読み方：つかえ

１ 都合の悪い事情。さしさわり。支障。

「店に—さえなくば巳之の相手多吉も入れて遣ろ」〈緑雨・門三味線〉

２ （「痞え」とも書く）

㋐病気・心配などで胸がつまるような感じ。「胸の—がおりる」

㋑癪(しゃく)。

「簾のうちにありて—になやめる上﨟の如し」〈逍遥・小説神髄〉
  Comments: 
I'm not sure the split between sense 1 and 2 is right
  Diff: 
@@ -3,0 +4,3 @@
+<k_ele>
+<keb>支え</keb>
+</k_ele>
@@ -8,2 +11,2 @@
-<keb>痞</keb>
-<ke_inf>&io;</ke_inf>
+<keb>閊え</keb>
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
@@ -12,4 +15,2 @@
-<keb>支え</keb>
-</k_ele>
-<k_ele>
-<keb>閊え</keb>
+<keb>痞</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -21,0 +23 @@
+<misc>&uk;</misc>
@@ -27,0 +30 @@
+<misc>&uk;</misc>
3. A 2010-09-01 12:31:46  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2010-09-01 05:26:35  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
koj, daijr, daijs, meikyo
  Comments: 
sense 2 may be arch-ish
  Diff: 
@@ -5,0 +5,3 @@
+<keb>痞え</keb>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
@@ -6,0 +9,7 @@
+<ke_inf>&io;</ke_inf>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>支え</keb>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>閊え</keb>
@@ -14,0 +24,9 @@
+<sense>
+<stagk>支え</stagk>
+<stagk>閊え</stagk>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<gloss>obstacle</gloss>
+<gloss>hindrance</gloss>
+<gloss>impediment</gloss>
+<gloss>difficulty</gloss>
+</sense>
1. A* 2010-08-31 13:32:09  Scott

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jmdict 2733750 Active (id: 2354020)
生まれてこの方； 生まれてこのかた
【 うまれてこのかた 】
1. [exp,adv]
▶ since one was born
▶ in one's (entire) life
▶ in all one's life



History:
10. A 2025-12-10 00:00:01  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
gg5
  Comments: 
More natural expression.
  Diff: 
@@ -16 +16 @@
-<gloss>since one's birth</gloss>
+<gloss>since one was born</gloss>
9. A 2025-12-09 23:31:16  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
8. A* 2025-12-09 23:22:52  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff: 
@@ -17,2 +17,2 @@
-<gloss>in one's whole life</gloss>
-<gloss>all one's life</gloss>
+<gloss>in one's (entire) life</gloss>
+<gloss>in all one's life</gloss>
7. A 2021-12-24 08:11:19  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I think it's ok here. We'd need to revisit この方 if we change it.
6. A* 2021-12-22 00:05:27  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
この方 isn't an adverb in the kokugos. Does that matter or should we use adv for anything that's adverb-like?
(show/hide 5 older log entries)

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jmdict 2780240 Active (id: 2353950)
当然の報い； 当然のむくい [sK]
【 とうぜんのむくい 】
1. [exp,n]
▶ one's just deserts
▶ one's just desserts
▶ one's just reward
▶ what one deserves
▶ comeuppance



History:
13. A 2025-12-09 02:50:16  Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーーーーーーー─┬────────┬───────╮
│ 当然の報い　　　 │ 11,409 │ 97.9% │
│ 当然のむくい　　 │    217 │  1.9% │ - add, sK
│ とうぜんのむくい │     32 │  0.3% │
╰─ーーーーーーーー─┴────────┴───────╯
  Comments: 
I'd be in favor of removing the "desserts" gloss. It's not used in similar entries (1317570, 1365530, 1440180, 1822250)
  Diff: 
@@ -5,0 +6,4 @@
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>当然のむくい</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
12. A 2020-07-28 02:25:18  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
11. A* 2020-07-28 02:00:33  Opencooper
  Diff: 
@@ -17 +17 @@
-<gloss>come uppance</gloss>
+<gloss>comeuppance</gloss>
10. A 2015-07-18 22:48:02  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
9. A* 2015-07-18 12:17:30  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
http://grammarist.com/spelling/just-deserts-just-desserts/ :
"The expression meaning that which is deserved was originally just deserts. The phrase is the last refuge of an obsolete meaning of desert—namely, something that is deserved or merited. But because most modern English speakers are unfamiliar with that old sense of desert, the phrase is often understandably written just desserts.

Using just desserts is not a serious error, and it is much more common than just deserts in 21st-century texts. Some people still consider it wrong, however. Whether to pay this any heed is for each of us to decide for ourselves."
  Comments: 
Let's put both.
  Diff: 
@@ -13,0 +14 @@
+<gloss>one's just desserts</gloss>
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jmdict 2827365 Active (id: 2354018)
仲いい； 仲良い； 仲よい [sK] ； 仲イイ [sK]
【 なかいい； なかよい (仲良い) 】
1. [exp,adj-ix] [col]
▶ close
▶ intimate
▶ on good terms
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1425720 仲がいい 1. close; intimate; on good terms

Conjugations


History:
9. A 2025-12-09 23:55:22  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
8. A* 2025-12-09 19:05:19  parfait8
  Refs: 
仲イイ	6,849
  Diff: 
@@ -11,0 +12,4 @@
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>仲イイ</keb>
7. A 2024-03-25 16:10:10  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Not an abbreviation but I think col is OK.
  Diff: 
@@ -26 +25,0 @@
-<misc>&abbr;</misc>
6. A* 2024-03-24 09:56:38  Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
do we normally treat -が- less forms as col, abbr? I don't think we do?
  Diff: 
@@ -11,0 +12 @@
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -15 +15,0 @@
-<re_restr>仲いい</re_restr>
@@ -20 +19,0 @@
-<re_restr>仲よい</re_restr>
5. A 2021-05-29 08:10:52  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
(show/hide 4 older log entries)

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jmdict 2829645 Active (id: 2354828)

ず
1. [aux-v]
《after the -nai stem of a verb and as せず for する (all senses); continuative form of ぬ》
▶ (does) not ..., and
▶ (does) not ..., so
▶ not (doing)
▶ without (doing)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2441300 ぬ 1. not
  ⇒ see: 2576210 ずに 1. without doing
2. [aux-v] [arch]
▶ not
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2257550 ない 1. not



History:
27. A 2025-12-20 10:04:51  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I think I'll pin this version (mainly to reduce the queue), then reopen for a while.
I'm still uncertain about [aux-v] cf [aux].
26. A* 2025-12-15 09:21:47  Sombrero1
  Comments: 
＞Jokes aside, you can take that approach - but this is entirely a matter of philosophy wherein ぬ is regarded as the flexible original and all other forms as immutable variants.
As a rule, dictionary forms are chosen primarily by pragmatism and not by any morphological criteria i.e. ぬ and ず are both inflections of the same lexeme, which we call ぬ by convention - but that does not mean that ぬ turns into ず or vice-versa, or that they do not.
You *can* posit that only ぬ inflects, but it is very hard to actually prove it.

That's a good argument. I hadn't really thought in that direction, and I doubt I could prove that.
I think I'll concede here.

I have also read the rest of your reply, but I'll refrain from engaging in further discussion on those topics.
Since it's a somewhat off-topic discussion (which I know I have started). 
I'll keep it in my head as food for thought.
25. A* 2025-12-13 06:54:06  Non
  Refs: 
Daijirin, Ｓhinmeikai.
Daijirin entry for ず*:
『（助動）
1 現代語の打ち消しの助動詞「ぬ」の連用形。→ぬ（助動）
2 ず（ざら）・ず（ざり）・ず・ぬ（ざる）・ね（ざれ）・ざれ
古語の打ち消しの助動詞。用言およびある種の助動詞の未然形に接続する。打ち消しの意を表す。ない。ぬ。』
The（助動）at the top applies to the entire entry.
*The numbers are mine; the numerals used by Daijirin for its senses are images and cannot be copied so I had to replace them.
  Comments: 
"My idea was that sense one is not something that inflects, it's the 連用形 of ぬ *singled out* to have its separate sense. 
Thus it does not inflect, and is basically used as a 未然形-bound 接続助詞."
ずに, ずんば and entirety of the ざり paradigm found dead in the streets of the 平安 period.
Jokes aside, you can take that approach - but this is entirely a matter of philosophy wherein ぬ is regarded as the flexible original and all other forms as immutable variants.
As a rule, dictionary forms are chosen primarily by pragmatism and not by any morphological criteria i.e. ぬ and ず are both inflections of the same lexeme, which we call ぬ by convention - but that does not mean that ぬ turns into ず or vice-versa, or that they do not.
You *can* posit that only ぬ inflects, but it is very hard to actually prove it.

"The kokugos that perform this same split do not assign a PoS tag to the 連用形 ず sense."
Well, the kokugos do not have the constraint that they need a PoS tag or else they get a syntax error.
In any case, Daijirin and Shinmeikai have both senses under 助動詞; since we need a tag I still think [aux-v] is best.

"And I do remember seeing that style of note in another entry (it might have been Non there too, I don't quite recall)"
I do think the only instances of a ~ between a stem and suffix are the ones I edited (and I think they are all the せ～ 未然形 + suffix, courtesy of "-nai stem") but the practice of prefixing a ~ to suffixes, etc. in notes predates me by several years. 
I first used the intermediary ~ in either the (ら)れる or (さ)せる entry, which already had a ~ before I added the stem.  

"This perhaps isn't very relevant to the ず discussion in particular, but I was under the assumption that there is syntactical difference between these two. Is there not?"
That depends on the level of morphosyntactical analysis and the school of thought/philosophy being employed to execute it, as they define where we want our morpheme boundaries to be and how the syntax trees are structured.
If we define our boundaries to be something relatively simple such as semantic content and grammatical function, both are identical in that they consist of a base content verb + a suffix adding grammatical information: 
せぬ = se-nu = do-NEG.NPS
している = shite-iru = do-CONT.NPS 
The morphological structure may then be reflected in the syntax tree (since the stems せ and し, as well as て, have neither semantic content nor overt grammatical function in their current use, they are ignored by this analysis).

Finer levels may take every single root, meaningless stem and particle, or even concepts not overtly realised into their glosses:
せぬ = s-e-n-u-∅ = do-LK-NEG-NPS-PRED 
している = s-i-て-i-る-∅ = do-LK-PTCL-CONT-NPS-PRED
At this point they are no longer identical, but the very categories of 助動詞 and 補助動詞 are no longer consistent within themselves either (if they ever were to begin with).
The truth is that conventional grammatical categories are a compromise between accuracy and practicity: are 助動詞 and 補助動詞 the same? At a certain degree of compromise, yes; at another, no. And as you play around with the north of your compass, they may grow as far apart from themselves as they do from each other. 

CONT=Continuous aspect
LK= Interfix, here the stem's vowel.
NEG=Negative
NPS=Non-past
PTCL=Particle
PRED=Predicative
24. A* 2025-12-12 21:05:50  Sombrero1
  Refs: 
Meikyo:
ず
［打ち消しの助動詞「ぬ」の連用形］
❶打ち消しの意を伴って、文を中止したり、副詞的修飾をしたりする。…ないで。
[second sense excluded here]

Sankoku:
ず
◇
口語の否定の助動詞「ぬ」の連用形。
「何も買わ━、帰った」
[second sense excluded here]

↑
Oukoku and Smk do the same

.
  Comments: 
＞ Plus, it is important to distinguish between suffixes that inflect from inflectional suffixes: most 助詞 like the case-marking particles, the prohibitive な, etc. are also inflectional suffixes. 
That's true, I didn't phrase that clearly enough. I meant "suffixes that inflect".
ーーー

＞A 補助動詞 is functionally identical to a 助動詞, the difference being lexicography and etymology: [...]
This perhaps isn't very relevant to the ず discussion in particular, but I was under the assumption that there is syntactical difference between these two. Is there not?
ーーー

＞The [aux] tag by itself is a tad nebulous, it is probably best reserved for such words that even standard Kokugos fail to classify or disagree as to the category.
With [aux-v] it is at least clear that it is an auxiliary that inflects.

My idea was that sense one is not something that inflects, it's the 連用形 of ぬ *singled out* to have its separate sense. 
Thus it does not inflect, and is basically used as a 未然形-bound 接続助詞.
The kokugos that perform this same split do not assign a PoS tag to the 連用形 ず sense.
See the quoted references (I saw that daijr does have 〘助動〙, but I'm pretty sure that's because daijr doesn't use split PoS tags like this in the same entry? I may be wrong though)
That's why I suggested not using [aux-v] here, *if* we define [aux-v] as something that inflects.
ーーー

As for the discussion about the note format, I don't have any particular opinion on it.
However, the arguments brought forth by Non seem reasonable to me, after all we have a sufficiently explanatory entry for "サ変".
And I do remember seeing that style of note in another entry (it might have been Non there too, I don't quite recall)
23. A* 2025-12-12 06:35:48  Non
  Comments: 
"I don't like the use of サ変 in the note and I'm not sure why there's a tilde between せ and ず."
サ変 was chosen over suru-class or something of the sort as it is mildly shorter and refers to the conjugation class as a whole rather than する singularly.
While す・する and サ変 are largely synonymous since the former and its compounds very likely account for 99.9% of the conjugation class, there are very few verbs that occupy that 0.1% position wherein they have the suru-class paradigm, despite having no connection to the actual suru.
Off the top of my head I can recall 御座す(おはす), 坐す(います) and まらする；the former probably began as a either a 二段 or 四段 from 座す(わす) while the latter two were originally 四段 and 二段 respectively, and only later became サ変.

As for the tilde, it is there to separate the stem from the suffix, modelled after a handful of entries that have a tilde in front of an auxiliary, compound, set-phrase, etc. when it appears in a note.
Is it strictly necessary? Probably not.
But personal experience tells me that if something can be interpreted wrongly, it will. And so I reckon there will be at least one person who will read "after the -nai stem of a verb and as せず for する" as ず sprouting a せ in front of it and then attaching to する as しせず.
Cursed be the -nai stem...
All in all, I would rather keep it.

"I'm now very well aware that "auxiliary verb" is a rather problematic term for what are in essence inflectional suffixes. The overlap between "auxiliary verb" in indo-european languages and the term 助動詞 in 国語文法 is rather minimal. It would much rather be the 補助動詞 falling under that notion."
We are mixing terminology here;　"auxiliary verb" in the context of Japanese refers to either 助動詞 and/or both 補助動詞 and 助動詞, it has little to do with what the term may mean in other languages. 
Plus, it is important to distinguish between suffixes that inflect from inflectional suffixes: most 助詞 like the case-marking particles, the prohibitive な, etc. are also inflectional suffixes. 
助動詞 Are specifically inflectional suffixes that - like 動詞 - have their own inflectional paradigm, thence the name.
A 補助動詞 is functionally identical to a 助動詞, the difference being lexicography and etymology: 補助動詞 are bound morphemes considered to be a single lexeme with the unbound morpheme they derive from, a 助動詞 either has no known associated unbound morpheme (ぬ) or has one but has since evolved into its own lexeme (ます ultimately comes from 参る).

"It is probably best to reduce this just to [aux] for the time being."
The [aux] tag by itself is a tad nebulous, it is probably best reserved for such words that even standard Kokugos fail to classify or disagree as to the category.
With [aux-v] it is at least clear that it is an auxiliary that inflects.
(show/hide 22 older log entries)

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jmdict 2829645 Active pending (parent: 2354828) (id: 2354829)

ず
1. [aux-v]
《after the -nai stem of a verb and as せず for する (all senses); continuative form of ぬ》
▶ (does) not ..., and
▶ (does) not ..., so
▶ not (doing)
▶ without (doing)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2441300 ぬ 1. not
  ⇒ see: 2576210 ずに 1. without doing
2. [aux-v] [arch]
▶ not
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2257550 ない 1. not



History:
28. A* 2025-12-20 10:05:13  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
27. A 2025-12-20 10:04:51  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I think I'll pin this version (mainly to reduce the queue), then reopen for a while.
I'm still uncertain about [aux-v] cf [aux].
26. A* 2025-12-15 09:21:47  Sombrero1
  Comments: 
＞Jokes aside, you can take that approach - but this is entirely a matter of philosophy wherein ぬ is regarded as the flexible original and all other forms as immutable variants.
As a rule, dictionary forms are chosen primarily by pragmatism and not by any morphological criteria i.e. ぬ and ず are both inflections of the same lexeme, which we call ぬ by convention - but that does not mean that ぬ turns into ず or vice-versa, or that they do not.
You *can* posit that only ぬ inflects, but it is very hard to actually prove it.

That's a good argument. I hadn't really thought in that direction, and I doubt I could prove that.
I think I'll concede here.

I have also read the rest of your reply, but I'll refrain from engaging in further discussion on those topics.
Since it's a somewhat off-topic discussion (which I know I have started). 
I'll keep it in my head as food for thought.
25. A* 2025-12-13 06:54:06  Non
  Refs: 
Daijirin, Ｓhinmeikai.
Daijirin entry for ず*:
『（助動）
1 現代語の打ち消しの助動詞「ぬ」の連用形。→ぬ（助動）
2 ず（ざら）・ず（ざり）・ず・ぬ（ざる）・ね（ざれ）・ざれ
古語の打ち消しの助動詞。用言およびある種の助動詞の未然形に接続する。打ち消しの意を表す。ない。ぬ。』
The（助動）at the top applies to the entire entry.
*The numbers are mine; the numerals used by Daijirin for its senses are images and cannot be copied so I had to replace them.
  Comments: 
"My idea was that sense one is not something that inflects, it's the 連用形 of ぬ *singled out* to have its separate sense. 
Thus it does not inflect, and is basically used as a 未然形-bound 接続助詞."
ずに, ずんば and entirety of the ざり paradigm found dead in the streets of the 平安 period.
Jokes aside, you can take that approach - but this is entirely a matter of philosophy wherein ぬ is regarded as the flexible original and all other forms as immutable variants.
As a rule, dictionary forms are chosen primarily by pragmatism and not by any morphological criteria i.e. ぬ and ず are both inflections of the same lexeme, which we call ぬ by convention - but that does not mean that ぬ turns into ず or vice-versa, or that they do not.
You *can* posit that only ぬ inflects, but it is very hard to actually prove it.

"The kokugos that perform this same split do not assign a PoS tag to the 連用形 ず sense."
Well, the kokugos do not have the constraint that they need a PoS tag or else they get a syntax error.
In any case, Daijirin and Shinmeikai have both senses under 助動詞; since we need a tag I still think [aux-v] is best.

"And I do remember seeing that style of note in another entry (it might have been Non there too, I don't quite recall)"
I do think the only instances of a ~ between a stem and suffix are the ones I edited (and I think they are all the せ～ 未然形 + suffix, courtesy of "-nai stem") but the practice of prefixing a ~ to suffixes, etc. in notes predates me by several years. 
I first used the intermediary ~ in either the (ら)れる or (さ)せる entry, which already had a ~ before I added the stem.  

"This perhaps isn't very relevant to the ず discussion in particular, but I was under the assumption that there is syntactical difference between these two. Is there not?"
That depends on the level of morphosyntactical analysis and the school of thought/philosophy being employed to execute it, as they define where we want our morpheme boundaries to be and how the syntax trees are structured.
If we define our boundaries to be something relatively simple such as semantic content and grammatical function, both are identical in that they consist of a base content verb + a suffix adding grammatical information: 
せぬ = se-nu = do-NEG.NPS
している = shite-iru = do-CONT.NPS 
The morphological structure may then be reflected in the syntax tree (since the stems せ and し, as well as て, have neither semantic content nor overt grammatical function in their current use, they are ignored by this analysis).

Finer levels may take every single root, meaningless stem and particle, or even concepts not overtly realised into their glosses:
せぬ = s-e-n-u-∅ = do-LK-NEG-NPS-PRED 
している = s-i-て-i-る-∅ = do-LK-PTCL-CONT-NPS-PRED
At this point they are no longer identical, but the very categories of 助動詞 and 補助動詞 are no longer consistent within themselves either (if they ever were to begin with).
The truth is that conventional grammatical categories are a compromise between accuracy and practicity: are 助動詞 and 補助動詞 the same? At a certain degree of compromise, yes; at another, no. And as you play around with the north of your compass, they may grow as far apart from themselves as they do from each other. 

CONT=Continuous aspect
LK= Interfix, here the stem's vowel.
NEG=Negative
NPS=Non-past
PTCL=Particle
PRED=Predicative
24. A* 2025-12-12 21:05:50  Sombrero1
  Refs: 
Meikyo:
ず
［打ち消しの助動詞「ぬ」の連用形］
❶打ち消しの意を伴って、文を中止したり、副詞的修飾をしたりする。…ないで。
[second sense excluded here]

Sankoku:
ず
◇
口語の否定の助動詞「ぬ」の連用形。
「何も買わ━、帰った」
[second sense excluded here]

↑
Oukoku and Smk do the same

.
  Comments: 
＞ Plus, it is important to distinguish between suffixes that inflect from inflectional suffixes: most 助詞 like the case-marking particles, the prohibitive な, etc. are also inflectional suffixes. 
That's true, I didn't phrase that clearly enough. I meant "suffixes that inflect".
ーーー

＞A 補助動詞 is functionally identical to a 助動詞, the difference being lexicography and etymology: [...]
This perhaps isn't very relevant to the ず discussion in particular, but I was under the assumption that there is syntactical difference between these two. Is there not?
ーーー

＞The [aux] tag by itself is a tad nebulous, it is probably best reserved for such words that even standard Kokugos fail to classify or disagree as to the category.
With [aux-v] it is at least clear that it is an auxiliary that inflects.

My idea was that sense one is not something that inflects, it's the 連用形 of ぬ *singled out* to have its separate sense. 
Thus it does not inflect, and is basically used as a 未然形-bound 接続助詞.
The kokugos that perform this same split do not assign a PoS tag to the 連用形 ず sense.
See the quoted references (I saw that daijr does have 〘助動〙, but I'm pretty sure that's because daijr doesn't use split PoS tags like this in the same entry? I may be wrong though)
That's why I suggested not using [aux-v] here, *if* we define [aux-v] as something that inflects.
ーーー

As for the discussion about the note format, I don't have any particular opinion on it.
However, the arguments brought forth by Non seem reasonable to me, after all we have a sufficiently explanatory entry for "サ変".
And I do remember seeing that style of note in another entry (it might have been Non there too, I don't quite recall)
(show/hide 23 older log entries)

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jmdict 2829645 Active pending (parent: 2354829) (id: 2354976)

ず
1. [aux-v]
《after the -nai stem of a verb and for サ変 as せ～ず (all senses); continuative form of ぬ》
▶ (does) not ..., and
▶ (does) not ..., so
▶ not (doing)
▶ without (doing)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2441300 ぬ 1. not
  ⇒ see: 2576210 ずに 1. without doing
2. [aux-v] [arch]
▶ not
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2257550 ない 1. not



History:
29. A* 2025-12-22 10:52:16  Non
  Comments: 
PoS tags aside, I still would like the usage note reverted to its prior version, with the ~ after せ and サ変 instead of する.
Since the argumentation for that is now buried under a few walls of text, I will quote it here for reading convenience:

『サ変 was chosen over suru-class or something of the sort as it is mildly shorter and refers to the conjugation class as a whole rather than する singularly.
While す・する and サ変 are largely synonymous since the former and its compounds very likely account for 99.9% of the conjugation class, there are very few verbs that occupy that 0.1% position wherein they have the suru-class paradigm, despite having no connection to the actual suru.
Off the top of my head I can recall 御座す(おはす), 坐す(います) and まらする；the former probably began as a either a 二段 or 四段 from 座す(わす) while the latter two were originally 四段 and 二段 respectively, and only later became サ変』
(Shamelessly adding to the above, "サ変" also explicitly includes the classical す while just "する" does not; which in hindsight is far more important than the obscure verbs I dug up)
『As for the tilde, it is there to separate the stem from the suffix... Is it strictly necessary? Probably not. But personal experience tells me that if something can be interpreted wrongly, it will. And so I reckon there will be at least one person who will read "after the -nai stem of a verb and as せず for する" as ず sprouting a せ in front of it and then attaching to する as しせず』
  Diff: 
@@ -11 +11 @@
-<s_inf>after the -nai stem of a verb and as せず for する (all senses); continuative form of ぬ</s_inf>
+<s_inf>after the -nai stem of a verb and for サ変 as せ～ず (all senses); continuative form of ぬ</s_inf>
28. A* 2025-12-20 10:05:13  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
27. A 2025-12-20 10:04:51  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I think I'll pin this version (mainly to reduce the queue), then reopen for a while.
I'm still uncertain about [aux-v] cf [aux].
26. A* 2025-12-15 09:21:47  Sombrero1
  Comments: 
＞Jokes aside, you can take that approach - but this is entirely a matter of philosophy wherein ぬ is regarded as the flexible original and all other forms as immutable variants.
As a rule, dictionary forms are chosen primarily by pragmatism and not by any morphological criteria i.e. ぬ and ず are both inflections of the same lexeme, which we call ぬ by convention - but that does not mean that ぬ turns into ず or vice-versa, or that they do not.
You *can* posit that only ぬ inflects, but it is very hard to actually prove it.

That's a good argument. I hadn't really thought in that direction, and I doubt I could prove that.
I think I'll concede here.

I have also read the rest of your reply, but I'll refrain from engaging in further discussion on those topics.
Since it's a somewhat off-topic discussion (which I know I have started). 
I'll keep it in my head as food for thought.
25. A* 2025-12-13 06:54:06  Non
  Refs: 
Daijirin, Ｓhinmeikai.
Daijirin entry for ず*:
『（助動）
1 現代語の打ち消しの助動詞「ぬ」の連用形。→ぬ（助動）
2 ず（ざら）・ず（ざり）・ず・ぬ（ざる）・ね（ざれ）・ざれ
古語の打ち消しの助動詞。用言およびある種の助動詞の未然形に接続する。打ち消しの意を表す。ない。ぬ。』
The（助動）at the top applies to the entire entry.
*The numbers are mine; the numerals used by Daijirin for its senses are images and cannot be copied so I had to replace them.
  Comments: 
"My idea was that sense one is not something that inflects, it's the 連用形 of ぬ *singled out* to have its separate sense. 
Thus it does not inflect, and is basically used as a 未然形-bound 接続助詞."
ずに, ずんば and entirety of the ざり paradigm found dead in the streets of the 平安 period.
Jokes aside, you can take that approach - but this is entirely a matter of philosophy wherein ぬ is regarded as the flexible original and all other forms as immutable variants.
As a rule, dictionary forms are chosen primarily by pragmatism and not by any morphological criteria i.e. ぬ and ず are both inflections of the same lexeme, which we call ぬ by convention - but that does not mean that ぬ turns into ず or vice-versa, or that they do not.
You *can* posit that only ぬ inflects, but it is very hard to actually prove it.

"The kokugos that perform this same split do not assign a PoS tag to the 連用形 ず sense."
Well, the kokugos do not have the constraint that they need a PoS tag or else they get a syntax error.
In any case, Daijirin and Shinmeikai have both senses under 助動詞; since we need a tag I still think [aux-v] is best.

"And I do remember seeing that style of note in another entry (it might have been Non there too, I don't quite recall)"
I do think the only instances of a ~ between a stem and suffix are the ones I edited (and I think they are all the せ～ 未然形 + suffix, courtesy of "-nai stem") but the practice of prefixing a ~ to suffixes, etc. in notes predates me by several years. 
I first used the intermediary ~ in either the (ら)れる or (さ)せる entry, which already had a ~ before I added the stem.  

"This perhaps isn't very relevant to the ず discussion in particular, but I was under the assumption that there is syntactical difference between these two. Is there not?"
That depends on the level of morphosyntactical analysis and the school of thought/philosophy being employed to execute it, as they define where we want our morpheme boundaries to be and how the syntax trees are structured.
If we define our boundaries to be something relatively simple such as semantic content and grammatical function, both are identical in that they consist of a base content verb + a suffix adding grammatical information: 
せぬ = se-nu = do-NEG.NPS
している = shite-iru = do-CONT.NPS 
The morphological structure may then be reflected in the syntax tree (since the stems せ and し, as well as て, have neither semantic content nor overt grammatical function in their current use, they are ignored by this analysis).

Finer levels may take every single root, meaningless stem and particle, or even concepts not overtly realised into their glosses:
せぬ = s-e-n-u-∅ = do-LK-NEG-NPS-PRED 
している = s-i-て-i-る-∅ = do-LK-PTCL-CONT-NPS-PRED
At this point they are no longer identical, but the very categories of 助動詞 and 補助動詞 are no longer consistent within themselves either (if they ever were to begin with).
The truth is that conventional grammatical categories are a compromise between accuracy and practicity: are 助動詞 and 補助動詞 the same? At a certain degree of compromise, yes; at another, no. And as you play around with the north of your compass, they may grow as far apart from themselves as they do from each other. 

CONT=Continuous aspect
LK= Interfix, here the stem's vowel.
NEG=Negative
NPS=Non-past
PTCL=Particle
PRED=Predicative
(show/hide 24 older log entries)

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jmdict 2868202 Active (id: 2354620)
今でこそ
【 いまでこそ 】
1. [adv]
《usu. as 今でこそ...だが...》
▶ now (unlike then)



History:
9. A 2025-12-17 10:30:12  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I guess that works.
8. A* 2025-12-11 05:13:09  Sean McBroom <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Looks good to me. Better binary separation, while keeping the nuance. Thanks.
7. A* 2025-12-10 07:01:48 
  Comments: 
No, that doesn't work.
  Diff: 
@@ -12,2 +12,2 @@
-<s_inf>usu. as 今でこそ...だが...; used to emphasize a contrast between the present and the past</s_inf>
-<gloss>now more than ever</gloss>
+<s_inf>usu. as 今でこそ...だが...</s_inf>
+<gloss>now (unlike then)</gloss>
6. A* 2025-12-10 04:19:25  Sean McBroom <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
Does something like this work?
  Diff: 
@@ -13 +13 @@
-<gloss>now</gloss>
+<gloss>now more than ever</gloss>
5. A 2025-12-10 03:25:50  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
(show/hide 4 older log entries)

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jmdict 2868289 Active (id: 2354129)
森林恐怖症
【 しんりんきょうふしょう 】
1. [n] {medicine}
▶ hylophobia
▶ fear of forests or wooded areas



History:
4. A 2025-12-11 04:58:49  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
However, it is in the 医学英和辞典, and it's in the Kagaku EB glossary with a "医生" tag.
3. A* 2025-12-09 23:33:51  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I'm sceptical this is a medically recognised phobia. I think as a general rule we should avoid using [med] for these more obscure phobias that aren't in the major refs.
2. A 2025-12-06 07:24:25  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
医学英和辞典, RP
  Diff: 
@@ -12 +12,3 @@
-<gloss>hylophobia (fear of forests or wooded areas)</gloss>
+<field>&med;</field>
+<gloss>hylophobia</gloss>
+<gloss>fear of forests or wooded areas</gloss>
1. A* 2025-12-05 12:39:53 
  Refs: 
https://ameblo.jp/isawo-t/entry-12302760750.html

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/恐怖症の一覧

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jmdict 2868311 Active (id: 2353951)

レイジベイト； レイジ・ベイト
1. [n]
▶ rage bait



History:
5. A 2025-12-09 02:54:31  Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
  Diff: 
@@ -5,0 +6,3 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>レイジ・ベイト</reb>
4. A 2025-12-08 21:56:26  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I guess it can stay. Possibly ephemeral.
3. A* 2025-12-08 01:17:05 
  Refs: 
https://x.com/nk_BFG/status/1991017130548961447　Nov 19
おれはまんまとレイジベイトに釣られたってこと？！
98 likes, 35 retweets

https://x.com/nobamangames/status/1942085820456083590 July 7
でもこうやってレイジベイトに引っかかって拡散すると思うツボだからセットで言うけど
日本が好きなら参政党だけは投票しない方が良い
19k likes, 3k retweets
  Comments: 
I think it is used, the quoted tweets were obviously well-understood
2. D 2025-12-07 21:18:23  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
References?
In the news recently because it's Oxford's word of the year but it's not really used in Japanese.
1. A* 2025-12-07 03:39:35 

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jmdict 2868333 Active (id: 2353977)
波浪注意報
【 はろうちゅういほう 】
1. [n]
▶ high wave advisory
▶ high seas advisory



History:
3. A 2025-12-09 12:03:43  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I think this is sufficient.
  Diff: 
@@ -14 +13,0 @@
-<gloss>high wave warning</gloss>
2. A 2025-12-08 00:52:34  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
JEs
  Diff: 
@@ -12,0 +13 @@
+<gloss>high seas advisory</gloss>
1. A* 2025-12-07 23:30:03  Charles Kelly <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
https://www.google.com/search?q=波浪注意報
  Comments: 
weather report word

I think this only refers to ocean waves, but not sure.

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jmdict 2868340 Active (id: 2353948)
県獣
【 けんじゅう 】
1. [n]
▶ prefectural animal (chosen as a symbol of the prefecture)



History:
2. A 2025-12-09 02:39:49  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-12-09 00:47:47  Joe Murray
  Refs: 
https://kotobank.jp/word/県獣-1530918#w-1710774

県獣	7461

daijs

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jmdict 2868341 Active (id: 2353944)
せん断機； 剪断機
【 せんだんき 】
1. [n]
▶ shearing machine
▶ shearer



History:
2. A 2025-12-09 02:27:24  Jim Breen VG <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I think this is what was intended.
  Diff: 
@@ -16 +16 @@
-<gloss>shear</gloss>
+<gloss>shearer</gloss>
1. A* 2025-12-09 01:56:53  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
gg5, RP, eij
せん断機	1,238		
剪断機	439

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jmdict 2868342 Active (id: 2353960)
赤星胡麻斑 [rK]
【 アカボシゴマダラ (nokanji)； あかぼしごまだら 】
1. [n] [uk]
▶ red ring skirt (Hestina assimilis)



History:
2. A 2025-12-09 04:47:38  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments: 
I feel I should mention it's a butterfly.
1. A* 2025-12-09 04:24:35  Joe Murray
  Refs: 
アカボシゴマダラ	2462	100.0%
赤星胡麻斑	0	0.0%

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/アカボシゴマダラ
https://kotobank.jp/word/赤星胡麻斑-2879061

daijs, wiki

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jmdict 2868343 Active (id: 2354051)
つかえ感； 支え感
【 つかえかん 】
1. [n]
▶ feeling you have something stuck (e.g. in your throat)
▶ globus sensation



History:
2. A 2025-12-10 20:08:32  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-12-09 13:03:42  Marcus Richert
  Refs: 
つかえ感	1892	83.6% 
支え感	305	13.5%
痞え感	67	3.0%
痞感	0	0.0%
閊え感	0	0.0%

https://alinamin-kenko.jp/navi/navi_nodonotsukaekan.html

のどのつかえ感
のどに異物がつかえていたり、炎症が起きて腫れているときはもちろん、検査をしても異常がないのに、のどの奥に何か詰まっているように感じることがあります。このようなのどの異物感、違和感が「のどのつかえ感」です。

saw つかえ感 on medicine

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jmdict 2868344 Active (id: 2354003)
飛輪
【 ひりん 】
1. [n] [poet]
▶ Sun
2. [n]
▶ flywheel
▶ gear



History:
2. A 2025-12-09 23:14:17  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
Eijiro
  Diff: 
@@ -11,0 +12 @@
+<misc>&poet;</misc>
@@ -12,0 +14,5 @@
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<gloss>flywheel</gloss>
+<gloss>gear</gloss>
1. A* 2025-12-09 21:53:24 
  Refs: 
https://kotobank.jp/word/飛輪-614108

旺文社国語辞典 第十一版 

    ひ‐りん【飛輪】
    「太陽」の異名。

デジタル大辞泉

    ひ‐りん【飛輪】
    太陽の異称。

漢検漢字辞典　第二版

    ヒリン［飛輪］
    太陽の別称。
  Comments: 
literary/poetic/archaic name
from the literal shape of the sun "flying wheel in the sky"

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jmdict 2868345 Active (id: 2354019)
クローズ中
【 クローズちゅう 】
1. [exp]
▶ currently closed
▶ temporarily closed



History:
2. A 2025-12-09 23:56:39  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-12-09 22:40:35  Marcus Richert
  Refs: 
クローズ中	2000
  Comments: 
Saw on website, it's a little curious somehow

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jmdict 2868346 Active (id: 2354123)
牛伝染性リンパ腫
【 ぎゅうでんせんせいりんぱしゅう 】
1. [n] {veterinary terms}
▶ enzootic bovine leukosis (formerly bovine leukemia)
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2868347 牛白血病【ぎゅうはっけつびょう】 1. bovine leukemia (former name for enzootic bovine leukosis)



History:
2. A 2025-12-11 03:14:59  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs: 
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/牛伝染性リンパ腫
  Diff: 
@@ -13 +13 @@
-<gloss>enzootic bovine leukosis (old name: bovine leukemia)</gloss>
+<gloss>enzootic bovine leukosis (formerly bovine leukemia)</gloss>
1. A* 2025-12-09 23:39:48  Hendrik
  Refs: 
https://www.kachikukansen.org/kaiho2/PDF/11/11-4-2.pdf
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjlac/15/1/15_1/_article/-char/ja/
https://www.woah.org/en/disease/enzootic-bovine-leukosis/
https://www.msdvetmanual.com/generalized-conditions/bovine-leukosis/bovine-leukosis
https://www.ksvhc.org/services/livestock/bovineleukosis.html
  Comments: 
The terminology one finds in online sources is "all over the place", because 牛伝染性リンパ腫 used to be (scientifically incorrectly) called 牛白血病, and the shift from the old to the new nomenclature is still in progress (not only in Japan but also in English and German speaking countries). Here is some background information (translated from the German version of the Wikipedia page on 牛伝染性リンパ腫, since there is no English version): "Enzootic leukosis in cattle, also known as bovine leukemia or bovine leukosis, is a tumorous degeneration of white blood cells that occurs in cattle, buffalo, and water buffalo. The term leukemia, which is commonly used in human medicine, is not applicable here, as animals - including cattle - do not generally experience an increase in leukocytes in the blood."

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