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jmdict 1004840 Active (id: 2352613)

コロコロ [ichi1] ころころころんころんコロンコロン [sk]
1. [adv,adv-to] [on-mim]
▶ (rolling) along
▶ (rolling) over and over
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2702070 シロコロ 1. grilled balls of stuffed intestine (esp. at food stalls or yakiniku restaurants)
2. [adv,adv-to] [on-mim]
▶ with a bright, ringing sound (e.g. of a bell)
▶ (laughing) in a bright, high-pitched tone
▶ merrily
3. [adv,adv-to] [on-mim]
▶ (changing) frequently (of opinions, conversation topic, etc.)
▶ constantly
▶ often
▶ always
4. [adv,adv-to] [on-mim]
▶ (losing) all too easily
▶ (being defeated) one after another
▶ in quick succession
5. [adv,adv-to,vs] [on-mim]
▶ chubby (and cute)
▶ plump
▶ round
6. [adv,adv-to] [on-mim]
▶ chirping (of insects)
7. [adv,adv-to] [on-mim]
▶ croaking (of a frog)
▶ ribbit ribbit
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1048240 ケロケロ 1. croaking (of a frog); ribbit ribbit
8. (コロコロ,ころころ only) [n] [on-mim]
▶ roller
▶ lint roller
▶ paint roller

Conjugations


History:
24. A 2025-11-23 04:59:46  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Thanks. Reindexed one sentence.
23. A* 2025-11-23 00:21:30  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, prog, wisdom, daij, meikyo
  Comments:
Big tidy-up.
  Diff:
@@ -19,23 +19,34 @@
-<pos>&adv-to;</pos>
-<pos>&adv;</pos>
-<misc>&on-mim;</misc>
-<gloss>lightly rolling (of a small and round thing)</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&adv-to;</pos>
-<pos>&adv;</pos>
-<misc>&on-mim;</misc>
-<gloss>pleasant, high-pitched sound (e.g. bell, young woman's laughter)</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&adv-to;</pos>
-<pos>&adv;</pos>
-<misc>&on-mim;</misc>
-<gloss>changing frequently (e.g. conversation, plans)</gloss>
-<gloss>(occurring) in rapid succession (e.g. sumo wrestlers being defeated)</gloss>
-<gloss>fickly</gloss>
-<gloss>in a fickle manner</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&adv-to;</pos>
-<pos>&adv;</pos>
+<pos>&adv;</pos>
+<pos>&adv-to;</pos>
+<misc>&on-mim;</misc>
+<gloss>(rolling) along</gloss>
+<gloss>(rolling) over and over</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&adv;</pos>
+<pos>&adv-to;</pos>
+<misc>&on-mim;</misc>
+<gloss>with a bright, ringing sound (e.g. of a bell)</gloss>
+<gloss>(laughing) in a bright, high-pitched tone</gloss>
+<gloss>merrily</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&adv;</pos>
+<pos>&adv-to;</pos>
+<misc>&on-mim;</misc>
+<gloss>(changing) frequently (of opinions, conversation topic, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>constantly</gloss>
+<gloss>often</gloss>
+<gloss>always</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&adv;</pos>
+<pos>&adv-to;</pos>
+<misc>&on-mim;</misc>
+<gloss>(losing) all too easily</gloss>
+<gloss>(being defeated) one after another</gloss>
+<gloss>in quick succession</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&adv;</pos>
+<pos>&adv-to;</pos>
@@ -44,12 +55,13 @@
-<gloss>chubby</gloss>
-<gloss>rounded</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&adv-to;</pos>
-<pos>&adv;</pos>
-<misc>&on-mim;</misc>
-<gloss>chirp chirp (sound of insects)</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&adv-to;</pos>
-<pos>&adv;</pos>
+<gloss>chubby (and cute)</gloss>
+<gloss>plump</gloss>
+<gloss>round</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&adv;</pos>
+<pos>&adv-to;</pos>
+<misc>&on-mim;</misc>
+<gloss>chirping (of insects)</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&adv;</pos>
+<pos>&adv-to;</pos>
@@ -58,2 +70,2 @@
-<gloss>ribbit ribbit (sound of frogs)</gloss>
-<gloss>croak croak</gloss>
+<gloss>croaking (of a frog)</gloss>
+<gloss>ribbit ribbit</gloss>
22. A 2024-12-01 23:53:35  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Hmm, on reflection, I think I'm back agreeing with Marcus.
  Diff:
@@ -59,0 +60,9 @@
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<stagr>コロコロ</stagr>
+<stagr>ころころ</stagr>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<misc>&on-mim;</misc>
+<gloss>roller</gloss>
+<gloss>lint roller</gloss>
+<gloss>paint roller</gloss>
21. A* 2024-12-01 22:44:30  Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
コロコロ	895768	62.2%
ころころ	512867	35.6%
ころんころん	16554	1.1% rk?
コロンコロン	14357	1.0%
  Comments:
Again, I don't think that sense should be split out. If "Apple" were normally written lower case and had become genericized then yes, I think including it in the fruit entry would have made sense.
  Diff:
@@ -15,0 +16 @@
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
20. A 2024-12-01 20:14:50  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Splitting off that sense.
  Diff:
@@ -59,9 +58,0 @@
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<stagr>コロコロ</stagr>
-<stagr>ころころ</stagr>
-<pos>&n;</pos>
-<misc>&on-mim;</misc>
-<gloss>roller</gloss>
-<gloss>lint roller</gloss>
-<gloss>paint roller</gloss>
(show/hide 19 older log entries)

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1024720 Active (id: 2352727)

インペリアル [gai1]
1. [adj-f]
▶ imperial



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 21:05:08  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijs: 多く複合語の形で用い、帝国の、皇帝の、また、威厳のある、最上級の、などの意を表す。「―ルーム」
  Comments:
The 〜の n-gram terms don't look adjectival.
  Diff:
@@ -9 +9 @@
-<pos>&adj-no;</pos>
+<pos>&adj-f;</pos>
2. A 2014-10-05 01:22:01  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2014-10-04 21:32:31  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
The n-grams show a lot of hits with が, を, etc. appended, which puzzled me until I realized it is also a whisky brand.
  Diff:
@@ -9 +9 @@
-<pos>&n;</pos>
+<pos>&adj-no;</pos>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1039180 Deleted (id: 2352647)

カレッジペーパーカレッジ・ペーパー
1. [n]
▶ college paper



History:
3. D 2025-11-23 05:29:35  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. D* 2025-11-21 16:02:19  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
カレッジペーパー	0
  Comments:
Not in my refs.
1. A 2013-05-11 07:09:27  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update.Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update.
-*- via bulkupd.py -*-
  Diff:
@@ -6,0 +6,3 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>カレッジ・ペーパー</reb>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1143270 Active (id: 2352634)

リリーフ [gai1] レリーフ [sk]
1. [n,vs,vt] {baseball}
▶ relief

Conjugations


History:
4. A 2025-11-23 05:24:40  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Yes to the split, but 中辞典 has レリーフ for this meaning, xreffed to リリーフ. I suggest keeping it here too but hidden.
  Diff:
@@ -10 +10 @@
-<re_pri>gai1</re_pri>
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
@@ -13 +12,0 @@
-<stagr>リリーフ</stagr>
@@ -19,6 +17,0 @@
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&n;</pos>
-<xref type="see" seq="1588030">浮き彫り・1</xref>
-<s_inf>usu. レリーフ</s_inf>
-<gloss>relief (sculptural method)</gloss>
3. A* 2025-11-22 00:04:37  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, meikyo
レリーフが施され	2,699		
リリーフが施され	0
---		
レリーフ模様	1,406		
リリーフ模様	0	
---	
レリーフ紋様	1,262		
リリーフ紋様	0
---		
レリーフ入り	1,233		
リリーフ入り	0
  Comments:
I think we should split out レリーフ into a separate entry.
  Diff:
@@ -16 +16,3 @@
-<gloss>relief (e.g. pitcher)</gloss>
+<pos>&vt;</pos>
+<field>&baseb;</field>
+<gloss>relief</gloss>
@@ -19,0 +22 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="1588030">浮き彫り・1</xref>
@@ -21 +24 @@
-<gloss>relief (e.g. bas relief)</gloss>
+<gloss>relief (sculptural method)</gloss>
2. A 2015-09-01 01:08:08  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2015-08-30 16:40:34  Matthew Skala <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
"i.e." is for limitation - here, "e.g." is correct
  Diff:
@@ -16 +16 @@
-<gloss>relief (i.e. pitcher)</gloss>
+<gloss>relief (e.g. pitcher)</gloss>
@@ -21 +21 @@
-<gloss>relief (i.e. bas relief)</gloss>
+<gloss>relief (e.g. bas relief)</gloss>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1197750 Active (id: 2352763)
芽胞
がほう
1. [n] {biology}
▶ spore
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1517730 胞子 1. spore
2. [n] {biology}
▶ endospore
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2868171 内生胞子【ないせいほうし】 1. endospore



History:
2. A 2025-11-24 00:19:19  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 23:42:29  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/芽胞
>> 以前は、(細菌の)胞子(ほうし、spore)、内生胞子(ないせいほうし、endospore)とも呼ばれていたが、真菌やシダ植物の胞子とは役割が異なるため、それらと区別するために、芽胞という名称で呼ばれるようになった。
  Diff:
@@ -12 +12,2 @@
-<pos>&adj-no;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="1517730">胞子</xref>
+<field>&biol;</field>
@@ -14,0 +16,5 @@
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<field>&biol;</field>
+<gloss>endospore</gloss>
+</sense>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1207080 Active (id: 2352734)
学部 [ichi1,news1,nf02]
がくぶ [ichi1,news1,nf02]
1. [n]
▶ faculty (of a university)
▶ school
▶ college
▶ department



History:
5. A 2025-11-23 22:20:46  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-11-23 22:16:22  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/学部#英語表記
  Comments:
I don't think "department" should lead. A department is below a faculty/school/college but a 学部 is a top-level unit. Most Japanese universities use "faculty" for 学部 and "department" for 学科.
  Diff:
@@ -18,2 +18 @@
-<gloss>department (of a university)</gloss>
-<gloss>faculty</gloss>
+<gloss>faculty (of a university)</gloss>
@@ -21,0 +21 @@
+<gloss>department</gloss>
3. A 2024-05-09 11:34:08  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Forgot to add this.
  Diff:
@@ -20,0 +21 @@
+<gloss>college</gloss>
2. A 2024-05-09 03:30:28  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2024-05-09 00:01:22  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, prog, luminous
  Comments:
Although 学部(学)生 is "undergraduate student", I don't think it's correct to say 学部 = undergraduate. It doesn't have this meaning in most 学部- compounds.
  Diff:
@@ -18,6 +18,3 @@
-<pos>&adj-no;</pos>
-<gloss>department of a university</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&adj-f;</pos>
-<gloss>undergraduate (course, program, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>department (of a university)</gloss>
+<gloss>faculty</gloss>
+<gloss>school</gloss>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1232930 Active (id: 2352635)
[ichi1,news2,nf40]
のこぎり [ichi1,news2,nf40] ノコギリ (nokanji)
1. [n] [uk]
▶ saw
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2866084 鋸【のこ】 1. saw
  ⇐ see: 2868136 ソー 1. saw



History:
6. A 2025-11-23 05:25:11  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
5. A* 2025-11-22 19:58:38  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
None of the kokugos have a musical saw sense. I don't think it's needed.
The EJs have ミュージカルソー for "musical saw".
  Diff:
@@ -24,5 +23,0 @@
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&n;</pos>
-<misc>&uk;</misc>
-<gloss>musical saw</gloss>
4. A 2016-11-15 03:26:53  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2016-11-12 15:15:57  Johan Råde <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -21,0 +22 @@
+<misc>&uk;</misc>
@@ -25,0 +27 @@
+<misc>&uk;</misc>
2. A* 2016-11-12 14:47:54  Johan Råde <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
G n-grams:
鋸	153830
のこぎり	164232
ノコギリ	123454
  Diff:
@@ -15,0 +16,4 @@
+<r_ele>
+<reb>ノコギリ</reb>
+<re_nokanji/>
+</r_ele>
(show/hide 1 older log entries)

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jmdict 1258630 Active (id: 2352743)
研究論文
けんきゅうろんぶん
1. [n]
▶ research paper
▶ study
▶ thesis



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 22:23:53  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 20:18:10  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, luminous, reverso
  Diff:
@@ -12,2 +12,3 @@
-<gloss>research thesis</gloss>
-<gloss>treatise</gloss>
+<gloss>research paper</gloss>
+<gloss>study</gloss>
+<gloss>thesis</gloss>

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jmdict 1277300 Active (id: 2352723)
向背
こうはい
1. [n]
▶ one's attitude (toward)
▶ one's position
▶ support or opposition
2. [n]
▶ state of affairs
▶ situation
▶ developments



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 20:32:27  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5
  Diff:
@@ -12 +12,2 @@
-<gloss>one's attitude</gloss>
+<gloss>one's attitude (toward)</gloss>
+<gloss>one's position</gloss>
@@ -18,0 +20 @@
+<gloss>developments</gloss>
2. A 2025-11-23 10:27:14  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 09:03:33  Peter Maydell <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
GG5, meikyo, shinmeikai
  Comments:
The JJ dictionaries seem to consider these separate senses (usually defined as something like 1. 従うことと、そむくこと vs 2. 成り行き、動静), and they seem to me like distinct ideas in English too.

"support or opposition" follows 従うことと、そむくこと and GG5, and I think helps to make clear what kind of attitude this is about. "whether one supports or opposes something" might be clearer, but the more terse phrasing is probably more in line with jmdict house style.
  Diff:
@@ -12,0 +13,4 @@
+<gloss>support or opposition</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
@@ -13,0 +18 @@
+<gloss>situation</gloss>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1285090 Active (id: 2352593)
合体 [news2,nf25]
がったい [news2,nf25] ごうたい [rk]
1. [n,vs,vt,vi]
▶ union
▶ combination
▶ coalescence
▶ amalgamation
▶ merger
▶ incorporation
2. [n,vs,vi] {biology}
▶ conjugation (of gametes)
3. [n,vs,vi] [euph]
▶ sexual intercourse
▶ copulation

Conjugations


History:
9. A 2025-11-23 00:26:58  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
The smaller kokugos don't have it.
8. A* 2025-11-22 22:14:07  Sombrero1
  Refs:
{合体[ゴウタイ]}gets 0 hits in all NINJAL corpora, even the historical ones.
All hits are for {合体[ガッタイ]}(I also checked for がってい, which is in nikkoku).

ごうたい is only in daijs and koj with an xref to がったい

.
  Comments:
I was reading through an old github issue where it was mentioned that ごうたい should probably get [rk].
Picking up on that
  Diff:
@@ -15,0 +16 @@
+<re_inf>&rk;</re_inf>
7. A 2023-08-25 23:24:21  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -40 +40 @@
-<misc>&col;</misc>
+<misc>&euph;</misc>
6. A 2022-01-01 11:01:48  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
5. A* 2022-01-01 10:54:16 
  Diff:
@@ -41 +41 @@
-<gloss>sexual intercorse</gloss>
+<gloss>sexual intercourse</gloss>
(show/hide 4 older log entries)

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jmdict 1286270 Active (id: 2352594)
国外 [ichi1,news1,nf06]
こくがい [ichi1,news1,nf06]
1. [n]
▶ outside the country
▶ abroad
Cross references:
  ⇔ see: 1286930 国内 1. within the country; inside the county; domestic; home; internal



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 00:31:51  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -17,0 +18 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="1286930">国内</xref>
2. A 2020-04-27 16:23:10  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2020-04-27 12:22:03  dine <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
JEs
  Comments:
the translation "overseas" seems to be specific to Japan
  Diff:
@@ -18,0 +19 @@
+<gloss>abroad</gloss>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1328520 Active (id: 2352762)
朱子学
しゅしがく
1. [n]
▶ neo-Confucianism (based on the teachings of Zhu Xi)
▶ Cheng-Zhu school
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2247270 程朱学【ていしゅがく】 1. Cheng-Zhu school (of neo-Confucianism); neo-Confucianism of the Cheng brothers and Zhu Xi



History:
2. A 2025-11-24 00:18:55  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 23:46:25  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijr/s
  Comments:
I don't think the x-ref is needed.
  Diff:
@@ -12,2 +12,2 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="2246570">陽明学</xref>
-<gloss>neo-Confucianism (based on the teachings of Zhu Xi and his followers)</gloss>
+<gloss>neo-Confucianism (based on the teachings of Zhu Xi)</gloss>
+<gloss>Cheng-Zhu school</gloss>

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jmdict 1364440 Active (id: 2352745)
[ichi1,news1,nf03]
かみ [ichi1,news1,nf03]
1. [n]
▶ god
▶ deity
▶ divinity
▶ spirit
▶ kami
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2583250 年神【としがみ】 1. kami celebrated at the beginning of New Year (usu. to pray for a good harvest)
  ⇐ see: 2433050 神【しん】 2. god; deity; divinity; kami
  ⇐ see: 2561150 煤掃き【すすはき】 1. sweeping the soot from one's house (to welcome the kami of the New Year)
  ⇐ see: 2436660 カムイ 1. god; deity; divinity; spirit; kami
2. [n-pref,adj-na] [sl]
▶ god-tier
▶ incredible
▶ fantastic
▶ amazing
Cross references:
  ⇔ see: 2834435 神対応 1. incredible response (company dealing with a complaint, celebrity dealing with fans, etc.); incredible service
  ⇐ see: 2223620 ネ申【かみ】 1. incredible; fantastic; amazing
  ⇐ see: 2834437 神曲【かみきょく】 1. incredible song; great song
3. [n] [hon,arch]
▶ Emperor (of Japan)
4. [n] [arch]
▶ thunder



History:
20. A 2025-11-23 22:25:06  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
The mind boggles.
19. A* 2025-11-23 12:31:04  Marcus Richert
  Refs:
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/god_tier
  Diff:
@@ -28,0 +29 @@
+<gloss>god-tier</gloss>
18. A 2021-04-03 00:42:06  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
17. A* 2021-04-02 22:30:04  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Plenty of 〜な examples on Twitter for sense 2. I don't think it's ever used as a noun.
  Diff:
@@ -26 +26 @@
-<pos>&n;</pos>
+<pos>&adj-na;</pos>
@@ -37 +37 @@
-<gloss g_type="fig">emperor of Japan</gloss>
+<gloss>Emperor (of Japan)</gloss>
16. A 2018-11-06 00:26:48  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Sorry. I overlooked that. I'll split them off. (2836999)
  Diff:
@@ -15,8 +14,0 @@
-</r_ele>
-<r_ele>
-<reb>かむ</reb>
-<re_inf>&ok;</re_inf>
-</r_ele>
-<r_ele>
-<reb>かん</reb>
-<re_inf>&ok;</re_inf>
(show/hide 15 older log entries)

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1418650 Active (id: 2352614)
短期大学 [ichi1,news1,nf23]
たんきだいがく [ichi1,news1,nf23]
1. [n]
▶ junior college
▶ [expl] vocationally oriented post-secondary institution offering two or three-year programs
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2861166 短期大学部【たんきだいがくぶ】 1. junior college (attached to a university)
  ⇐ see: 1418780 短大【たんだい】 1. junior college; vocationally oriented post-secondary institution offering two or three-year programs



History:
7. A 2025-11-23 05:00:24  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
6. A* 2025-11-23 00:50:24  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
I don't think a 短期大学 would ever be called a "community college", despite the similarities. コミュニティカレッジ is used for community colleges in the US.
  Diff:
@@ -19,2 +19 @@
-<gloss>community college</gloss>
-<gloss g_type="expl">vocationally oriented two or three year post-secondary education institution</gloss>
+<gloss g_type="expl">vocationally oriented post-secondary institution offering two or three-year programs</gloss>
5. A 2025-05-08 00:31:55  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
The term varies in meaning - probably OK given the [expl] gloss.
4. A* 2025-05-07 18:38:20  Sean McBroom <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=today 5-y&q=community college,junior college&hl=en-US
  Comments:
"Community college" is the more popular term for a short-term college.

However, "junior college" seems to be the more common translation; my dad’s friend, who works as an English teacher at a 短期大学, didn’t know what a community college was.
  Diff:
@@ -18,0 +19 @@
+<gloss>community college</gloss>
3. A 2013-12-16 08:15:59  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
(show/hide 2 older log entries)

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jmdict 1418780 Active (id: 2352703)
短大 [ichi1,news1,nf05]
たんだい [ichi1,news1,nf05]
1. [n] [abbr]
▶ junior college
▶ [expl] vocationally oriented post-secondary institution offering two or three-year programs
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1418650 短期大学 1. junior college; vocationally oriented post-secondary institution offering two or three-year programs



History:
7. A 2025-11-23 17:45:19  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Aligning.
  Diff:
@@ -21 +21 @@
-<gloss g_type="expl">vocationally oriented two or three year post-secondary education institution</gloss>
+<gloss g_type="expl">vocationally oriented post-secondary institution offering two or three-year programs</gloss>
6. A 2015-11-08 22:15:10  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
5. A* 2015-11-08 07:43:51  luce
  Refs:
daijs
  Comments:
the x-ref got lost for some reason
  Diff:
@@ -17,0 +18 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="1418650">短期大学</xref>
4. A 2013-12-16 08:15:40  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2013-12-09 01:51:19  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Matching proposed addition to 短期大学.
  Diff:
@@ -22,0 +22,1 @@
+<gloss g_type="expl">vocationally oriented two or three year post-secondary education institution</gloss>
(show/hide 2 older log entries)

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jmdict 1449420 Active (id: 2352655)
等高線
とうこうせん
1. [n]
▶ contour line
▶ contour



History:
4. A 2025-11-23 05:32:39  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2025-11-22 19:03:59  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
For reverse lookups.
I don't think we need "isohypse". It's a rather obscure word.
  Diff:
@@ -12,2 +12,2 @@
-<gloss>contour (line)</gloss>
-<gloss>isohypse</gloss>
+<gloss>contour line</gloss>
+<gloss>contour</gloss>
2. A 2013-02-19 05:44:17  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2013-02-19 03:11:38  Hendrik
  Comments:
... added the Greek version of the meaning...
  Diff:
@@ -13,0 +13,1 @@
+<gloss>isohypse</gloss>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1449430 Active (id: 2352656)
等高線地図
とうこうせんちず
1. [n]
▶ contour map



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:32:51  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-22 19:08:30  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, prog, wisdom, RP
  Comments:
The JEs have "topographic map" for 地形図.
  Diff:
@@ -12 +12 @@
-<gloss>topographic map</gloss>
+<gloss>contour map</gloss>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1479920 Active (id: 2354903)
半面 [ichi1,news1,nf05]
はんめん [ichi1,news1,nf05]
1. [conj,prt]
《after the attributive form of a verb or adjective, or the particle の》
▶ while
▶ although
▶ though
▶ but
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1481000 反面 1. while; although; though; but
  ⇐ see: 2829043 半顔【はんがん】 1. half the face
2. [conj]
▶ (but) at the same time
▶ on the other hand
▶ then again
▶ and yet
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1481000 反面 2. (but) on the other hand; at the same time; then again; and yet
  ⇒ see: 1006940 その半面 1. on the other hand; at the same time
3. [n,adj-no] [rare]
▶ half the face
▶ profile
4. [n,adj-no] [rare]
▶ one side
▶ a half
▶ the other side
▶ the reverse
▶ the contrary
▶ the opposite
5. [n,adj-no] [rare]
▶ half the surface (of)



History:
15. A 2025-12-21 07:29:06  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
OK
14. A* 2025-11-30 21:41:50  Sombrero1
  Refs:
https://massif.la/ja/search?q=半面
https://context.reverso.net/translation/japanese-english/半面


Since it kind of got overshadowed before, I'm gonna put the BCCWJ data here once more:

"(4)BCCWJ (Counts in brackets are for 反面):
半面 has 250 counts in total (1069)

Sense one:
{〘活用形=連体形〙}{半面}= 58 (456)
{〘活用形=連体形〙}{半面}{、}= 45 (314)

Sense two:
{、}{半面}= 21 (117)
{、}{半面}{、}= 7 (68)
{。}{半面}=  72 (100)
{。}{半面}{、}= 63 (62)
{〘品詞=連体詞〙}{半面}= 42 (212)
Note that there may be a few missing for the counts with commas, as some of the sentences used , instead of 、.

That's 157 (45 + 7 + 63 + 42) out of 250 hits for conjunctive usage (I didn't use the counts for{。}{半面}and{、}{半面}on purpose, as they could technically include false hits for noun usage). That makes 62.8% of total usage.
Based on that I put the conjunctive senses first, as in the 反面 entry."

.
  Comments:
Both massif and reverso examples show that the conjunctive usage makes up the largest part of total usage.
In case it hasn't been noted yet, the BCCWJ data also supports this.


I get that it's currently only sankoku explicitly marking these senses, but I believe they're on the right track here.
Them also being treated as basically the same grammatical constructs in Brian's Waseda grammar textbook could technically serve as another reference here too.


I think if these two senses were to not lead, we also couldn't reasonably have these [rare] tags on the other senses. Since it's really a comparative rarity and not an absolute one.
And less stark than with 反面 at that.
13. A* 2025-11-29 11:16:52  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
12. A 2025-11-29 11:16:34  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
I've been concerned about those proposed first two senses. After all, they're not in most references. I've come round to accepting them, although I'd be more comfortable if they didn't lead. I'll approve and leave open for a while.
11. A* 2025-11-27 19:35:08  Sombrero1
  Comments:
No worries, I figured that something along those lines had happened.

>So my [2] was the previous [2].  I only meant to say that the grammatical usage was far more common than all of these [rare] noun senses, and this term is not itself [rare]. Right now it looks like it is.

Thanks

>So, yes, to be clear, my belief is that the grammatical senses of 反面 should be all be copy/pasted straight into this entry with xrefs (maybe just one way, from here to there).  They should probably be the leading senses.  

Good, that's what I had proposed as well. I didn't think the usage of conjunctive 半面 vs 反面 was marginal enough to be reduced to a hidden form and a note in 反面. I've put the two senses from my edit back and left Jims additions from the previous edit in place.

>And who knows, we might even decide there is a subtle nuance meriting slight deviation in the glosses.  If not today, maybe tomorrow.

I actually had something like this in mind when I put "(but) at the same time" first in sense two. It's quite the minor change, but why not.


If this is approved, the incoming xref from 半顔 will need to be aligned.
And 半面 + the note would need to be removed from 反面.
  Diff:
@@ -15,0 +16,21 @@
+<sense>
+<pos>&conj;</pos>
+<pos>&prt;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="1481000">反面・1</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="1481000">反面・1</xref>
+<s_inf>after the attributive form of a verb or adjective, or the particle の</s_inf>
+<gloss>while</gloss>
+<gloss>although</gloss>
+<gloss>though</gloss>
+<gloss>but</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&conj;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="1481000">反面・2</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="1481000">反面・2</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="1006940">その半面</xref>
+<gloss>(but) at the same time</gloss>
+<gloss>on the other hand</gloss>
+<gloss>then again</gloss>
+<gloss>and yet</gloss>
+</sense>
(show/hide 10 older log entries)

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1481000 Active (id: 2353157)
反面 [ichi1]
はんめん [ichi1]
1. [conj,prt]
《after the attributive form of a verb or adjective, or the particle の》
▶ while
▶ although
▶ though
▶ but
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 1479920 半面【はんめん】 1. while; although; though; but
2. [conj]
▶ (but) on the other hand
▶ at the same time
▶ then again
▶ and yet
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1006940 その反面 1. on the other hand; at the same time
  ⇐ see: 1479920 半面【はんめん】 2. (but) at the same time; on the other hand; then again; and yet
3. [n] [rare]
▶ opposite side
▶ other side
▶ reverse



History:
18. A 2025-11-29 11:19:05  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Withdrawing my suggestion.
  Diff:
@@ -7,4 +6,0 @@
-</k_ele>
-<k_ele>
-<keb>半面</keb>
-<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -28 +23,0 @@
-<s_inf>occ. 半面</s_inf>
17. A* 2025-11-23 10:36:43  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Reopen..
16. A 2025-11-23 10:36:20  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Adding my suggestion about 半面. I'll approve and reopen.
  Diff:
@@ -6,0 +7,4 @@
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>半面</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -23,0 +28 @@
+<s_inf>occ. 半面</s_inf>
15. A* 2025-11-21 14:54:54  Sombrero1
  Refs:
(1)Sankoku:
一⦅名⦆
①反対の(方)面。
「やさしさの━にたくましさを秘(ひ)めている」
②〔接続助詞的に用いて〕…のと同時に、別の面では。
「期待する━(で)、不安もある」
二⦅接⦆
別の面では。反対の面からみると。
「結果には満足している。━、反省もある」



(2)BCCWJ:
反面 has 1069 counts in total

For case 3:
{〘活用形=連体形〙}{反面}= 456
{〘活用形=連体形〙}{反面}{、}= 314

For case 2:
{、}{反面}= 117
{、}{反面}{、}= 68
{。}{反面}= 100
{。}{反面}{、}= 62
Note that there may be a few missing for the counts with commas, as some of the sentences used , instead of 、.

I scrolled through about half of the 1000 hits and didn't really spot usage for case 1. This doesn't mean it doesn't exist, but it's certainly far less common than case 2 and 3.

Other notable counts:
{〘品詞=連体詞〙}{反面}= 212
{反面}{教師}= 64

Unidic generally classes 反面 as a 名詞-普通名詞-副詞可能



(3)Representations of the conjunctive use in other references:

Daijs: 2(副詞的に用いて)他の面から見る場合。他面。「水に強い―、熱に弱い」
Smk:(副)
その物事に関して、まず第一にあげられる面に対して、それとは対照的な面もありうると判断する様子。
「娘の結婚はうれしい━寂しくもある」
Koj: ②(副詞的に)反対の面から見て。「陽気な―、涙もろいところがある」

Though I believe they aren't quite sufficient.

.
  Comments:
Proposing a reordering of the senses, and an additional sense.

> Should we re-order the senses?
I think they should very much be reordered, but I'm not sure about that [rare] tag. 
In Anonさん's example 反面 is certainly a noun, forming a larger contrastive adverbial frame with ある面では.
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

I believe there are three cases to distinguish here, if we want to be precise:
Case 1: the plain noun 反面 (which does appear to be rather uncommon)
Case 2: grammaticalized 反面 as a plain conjunction/conjunctive adverb, i.e. a *自立語*
Case 3: grammaticalized 反面 as a conjunctive particle taking a 連体修飾語, i.e. a *付属語*

This paradigm is presented in(1)
Counts for the separate cases are presented in(2)



Furthermore I would assert that in case 3, 反面 is most naturally translated as "while", "though", and so forth, but not really as "on the other hand".
While in case 2 (this includes その反面), it is something like "on the other hand" or "then again"
Take this sentence from Brian's quoted site as an example (https://nihongo-online.jp/net/index.php?key=bbjgig41h-81):

「大学が決まって、新しい生活に期待する『反面』、不安も大きい。」
"I’ve decided on my university, and while I'm anticipating my new life, I also have big worries."

This is also substantiated by DOJG examples + translations
ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

While looking at the corpus data I noticed that case 2 uses of 反面 are often preceded by another conjunction or conjunctive particle.
If there is interest, I could also provide counts for various of those cases.

ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー

I've purposefully left out the 半面・反面 discussion here so as to not make it more confusing than it already is.
That should probably be the next step after this entry alone has been settled.
  Diff:
@@ -13,4 +13,7 @@
-<pos>&n;</pos>
-<misc>&rare;</misc>
-<gloss>opposite side</gloss>
-<gloss>reverse</gloss>
+<pos>&conj;</pos>
+<pos>&prt;</pos>
+<s_inf>after the attributive form of a verb or adjective, or the particle の</s_inf>
+<gloss>while</gloss>
+<gloss>although</gloss>
+<gloss>though</gloss>
+<gloss>but</gloss>
@@ -22,3 +25,10 @@
-<gloss>though</gloss>
-<gloss>although</gloss>
-<gloss>while</gloss>
+<gloss>at the same time</gloss>
+<gloss>then again</gloss>
+<gloss>and yet</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<misc>&rare;</misc>
+<gloss>opposite side</gloss>
+<gloss>other side</gloss>
+<gloss>reverse</gloss>
14. A* 2025-11-21 12:18:03 
  Comments:
女の子ってのは、ある面では現実的で打算的だけど、反面では理想とか夢を持ち続けてるものなんだから。

yet, it really didn't take me a whole lot of time to find a sample for sense 1
(show/hide 13 older log entries)

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jmdict 1505180 Active (id: 2352659)
文科系
ぶんかけい
1. [n,adj-no]
▶ humanities, social sciences, and fine arts
▶ liberal arts
Cross references:
  ⇔ see: 2615500 理科系 1. the sciences; STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics)



History:
4. A 2025-11-23 05:44:34  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2025-11-21 11:42:07  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Aligning with 文系.
  Diff:
@@ -12,0 +13,2 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="2615500">理科系</xref>
+<gloss>humanities, social sciences, and fine arts</gloss>
@@ -14 +15,0 @@
-<gloss>humanities</gloss>
2. A 2011-06-14 03:16:05  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
GG5, 新和英中辞典
  Comments:
That original meaning was rather off.
  Diff:
@@ -13,2 +13,1 @@
-<gloss>literary group</gloss>
-<gloss>(liberal) arts</gloss>
+<gloss>liberal arts</gloss>
1. A* 2011-06-14 03:11:05 
  Refs:
Eijiro
  Diff:
@@ -12,0 +12,1 @@
+<pos>&adj-no;</pos>
@@ -13,0 +14,2 @@
+<gloss>(liberal) arts</gloss>
+<gloss>humanities</gloss>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1507790 Active (id: 2352624)
平版
へいはん
1. [n] {printing}
▶ planography
▶ planographic printing



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:10:42  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 01:35:52  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, daij
  Comments:
GG5 has "planograph" but that refers to the *print* made by planography.
  Diff:
@@ -12 +12,3 @@
-<gloss>lithography</gloss>
+<field>&print;</field>
+<gloss>planography</gloss>
+<gloss>planographic printing</gloss>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1514940 Active (id: 2352663)
暮らす [ichi1,news2,nf39] 暮す
くらす [ichi1,news2,nf39]
1. [v5s,vi]
▶ to live (on, by, etc.)
▶ to lead a life
▶ to get along
▶ to get by
2. [v5s,vi]
▶ to make a living
▶ to earn a livelihood
3. [v5s,vt,vi] [dated]
▶ to spend one's time (doing)
▶ to pass one's days (doing)
▶ to live
▶ to get on (doing)
4. [suf,v5s]
《after the -masu stem of a verb》
▶ to do daily
▶ to do all day long
▶ to continue doing

Conjugations


History:
9. A 2025-11-23 07:57:23  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
OK, I guess. Perhaps a bit too split.
8. A* 2025-11-22 22:21:06  Sombrero1
  Diff:
@@ -45,0 +46 @@
+<s_inf>after the -masu stem of a verb</s_inf>
7. A* 2025-11-13 20:54:58  Sombrero1
  Comments:
Most references don't perform this split, and I personally don't think the glosses are different enough to warrant it.
"To make a living (somewhere)" can have a very similar meaning to "to get by" or "to live (on)".
暮らす generally carries a nuance of daily activity and/or sustenance for the "living" sense, so having all these five glosses in one sense seems fine to me.
The other JEs agree.

On top of that "to get (along, by)" doesn't work in my eyes.
  Diff:
@@ -24 +24,2 @@
-<gloss>to get (along, by)</gloss>
+<gloss>to get along</gloss>
+<gloss>to get by</gloss>
6. A* 2025-11-12 20:26:51  Sean McBroom <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
It's not really about how one earns a living, mostly about how one spends their life. It's just one possible nuance not the main meaning of the word.

東京で暮らしています I live in Tokyo - no actual implication of a job or money, just a life situation.
働いて暮らしています I make a living by working
  Diff:
@@ -22,0 +23,6 @@
+<gloss>to lead a life</gloss>
+<gloss>to get (along, by)</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&v5s;</pos>
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
@@ -25,2 +30,0 @@
-<gloss>to get along</gloss>
-<gloss>to lead a life</gloss>
5. A* 2025-11-12 19:10:22  Sombrero1
  Refs:
GG5, Prog, Luminous, Chuujiten, Shinsen, Meikyo

Meikyo: 本来は自動詞「暮れる」の他動詞形。今は自動詞と意識される。
Oukoku12 (very new) tags our second sense separately as transitive, as does GendaiShinkoku7
Sankoku has both tags for both senses

Both sankoku and gendaiShinkoku call our second sense dated.

.
  Comments:
Expanding and concretizing.
  Diff:
@@ -22 +22,3 @@
-<gloss>to live</gloss>
+<gloss>to live (on, by, etc.)</gloss>
+<gloss>to make a living</gloss>
+<gloss>to earn a livelihood</gloss>
@@ -27,0 +30 @@
+<pos>&vt;</pos>
@@ -29 +32,12 @@
-<gloss>to spend (time)</gloss>
+<misc>&dated;</misc>
+<gloss>to spend one's time (doing)</gloss>
+<gloss>to pass one's days (doing)</gloss>
+<gloss>to live</gloss>
+<gloss>to get on (doing)</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&suf;</pos>
+<pos>&v5s;</pos>
+<gloss>to do daily</gloss>
+<gloss>to do all day long</gloss>
+<gloss>to continue doing</gloss>
(show/hide 4 older log entries)

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jmdict 1517730 Active (id: 2352754)
胞子 [spec2,news2,nf37]
ほうし [spec2,news2,nf37]
1. [n] {biology}
▶ spore
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 1197750 芽胞【がほう】 1. spore



History:
1. A 2025-11-23 23:29:54  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -18 +18 @@
-<pos>&adj-no;</pos>
+<field>&biol;</field>

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 1534790 Active (id: 2352640)
木天蓼 [rK]
またたび [gikun] マタタビ (nokanji)
1. [n] [uk]
▶ silver vine (Actinidia polygama)
▶ cat powder
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2868148 木天蓼【もくてんりょう】 1. silver vine (used in traditional Chinese medicine)
  ⇐ see: 2845848 猫にまたたびお女郎に小判【ねこにまたたびおじょろうにこばん】 1. everyone has their favorite; pick the right thing to please someone; catnip for cats, gold coins for prostitutes



History:
11. A 2025-11-23 05:27:41  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
10. A* 2025-11-22 22:28:35  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/マタタビ
>> 漢方では木天蓼(もくてんりょう)という。
https://www.babakanpou.co.jp/contents/minkan/matatabi.html
>> 生薬名"木天蓼(もくてんりょう)"
  Comments:
The もくてんりょう reading is used in 漢方. It needs to be split out anyway as [uk] only applies to またたび.
  Diff:
@@ -15,4 +14,0 @@
-</r_ele>
-<r_ele>
-<reb>もくてんりょう</reb>
-<re_inf>&rk;</re_inf>
9. A 2025-11-20 00:52:34  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
8. A* 2025-11-19 19:36:29  Sombrero1
  Refs:
Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーーーーーー─┬─────────┬───────╮
│ 木天蓼     │   5,556 │  1.4% │[rK]
│ またたび    │ 281,883 │ 68.6% │
│ マタタビ    │ 123,317 │ 30.0% │moving up
│ もくてんりょう │     443 │  0.1% │
╰─ーーーーーーー─┴─────────┴───────╯
またたび is 熟字訓 for 木天蓼

.
  Comments:
I think もくてんりょう should get [rk]. I can't see it anywhere apart from the quoted jawiki article.
  Diff:
@@ -5,0 +6 @@
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
@@ -9,3 +10 @@
-</r_ele>
-<r_ele>
-<reb>もくてんりょう</reb>
+<re_inf>&gikun;</re_inf>
@@ -15,0 +15,4 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>もくてんりょう</reb>
+<re_inf>&rk;</re_inf>
7. A 2020-07-31 06:28:32  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinidia_polygama
  Comments:
I agree - it's straying into encyclopedia territory. The JEs don't mention it.
  Diff:
@@ -20 +19,0 @@
-<s_inf>causes euphoria in cats, akin to catnip</s_inf>
(show/hide 6 older log entries)

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jmdict 1549920 Active (id: 2352715)
理学 [ichi1,news1,nf11]
りがく [ichi1,news1,nf11]
1. [n]
▶ (physical) science
▶ natural science
2. [n] [obs]
▶ physics
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1502800 物理学 1. physics
3. [n] [obs]
▶ philosophy
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1437610 哲学 1. philosophy
4. [n]
▶ neo-Confucianism
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2841502 宋明理学 1. neo-Confucianism (developed in the Song and Ming dynasties); Song-Ming neo-Confucianism



History:
7. A 2025-11-23 20:10:52  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
6. A* 2025-11-23 12:21:17  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijr: 自然科学。明治初期には特に物理学の称。
nikk: 自然科学。特に、明治初期の物理学の名称。
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/宋明理学
>> 代・明代の儒学を代表するテーマが「理」であることからその名がつき、単に「理学」とも呼ばれる。
  Comments:
The kokugos say that the physics and philosophy senses are from the early Meiji era. Sankoku, meikyo and smk don't have either of them. I think [obs] is appropriate.
  Diff:
@@ -18 +18 @@
-<gloss>physical science</gloss>
+<gloss>(physical) science</gloss>
@@ -23,0 +24 @@
+<misc>&obs;</misc>
@@ -28 +29,3 @@
-<gloss>lixue (Song-era Chinese philosophy)</gloss>
+<xref type="see" seq="1437610">哲学</xref>
+<misc>&obs;</misc>
+<gloss>philosophy</gloss>
@@ -32,3 +35,2 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="1437610">哲学</xref>
-<misc>&arch;</misc>
-<gloss>philosophy</gloss>
+<xref type="see" seq="2841502">宋明理学</xref>
+<gloss>neo-Confucianism</gloss>
5. A 2019-04-24 17:29:17  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -22,0 +23 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="1502800">物理学</xref>
4. A 2017-06-05 23:52:01  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2017-06-05 06:26:01  Johan Råde <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5 koj daijs jwkiki(理学)
  Comments:
natural science = physical science + life science
the refs are inconsistent, so let's have it both ways
the term is probably a bit obscure anyway
  Diff:
@@ -18,0 +19 @@
+<gloss>natural science</gloss>
(show/hide 2 older log entries)

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jmdict 1549960 Active (id: 2352735)
理工 [news1,nf17]
りこう [news1,nf17]
1. [n]
▶ science and engineering



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 22:21:03  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 20:52:49  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
prog: 理工科  a science and engineering course
      理工学部  a department of science and engineering
  Comments:
All the kokugos define this as 理学と工学.
  Diff:
@@ -16 +16 @@
-<gloss>science and technology</gloss>
+<gloss>science and engineering</gloss>

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jmdict 1550360 Active (id: 2352660)
裏声
うらごえ
1. [n]
▶ falsetto



History:
5. A 2025-11-23 07:24:50  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
All the references I have checked have 裏声 associated with the term "falsetto" in English. The only exception is Eijiro, which has "falsetto●falsetto voice●head voice". I do not regard the two terms as having the same meaning.
I was tempted to have "head voice" as a separate sense, with an xref to 頭声, but I don't think the case is strong enough.
  Diff:
@@ -13 +12,0 @@
-<gloss>head voice</gloss>
4. A* 2025-11-20 21:02:44  K. Birch <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
A previous comment noted that the term 頭声 exists as a literal equivalent to "head voice," but this is a pedogogical term used to mirror Western operatic terminology. 裏声 is the most common, understood word in spoken Japanese, and it is used loosely in a way that covers both the concepts of head voice and falsetto. It's also noteworthy that in English, the usage of the term "head voice" is not consistent either, as acknowledged by the very start of its Wikipedia article: 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_voice

Including "head voice" as another definition should be fine; having both shows the vagueness of the term.
  Diff:
@@ -12,0 +13 @@
+<gloss>head voice</gloss>
3. A 2024-09-15 20:12:09  Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
*calque
2. A 2024-09-15 20:08:47  Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
"Head voice" exists in Japanese as 頭声, a claque of "Kopfstimme" from German according to kojien.
None of my refs mention 頭声 in their definitions for 裏声.
  Comments:
Please offer a few words of explanation and/or relevant quotes from the article when using links as references.
  Diff:
@@ -14,4 +13,0 @@
-<sense>
-<pos>&n;</pos>
-<gloss>head voice</gloss>
-</sense>
1. A* 2024-09-15 17:34:41 
  Refs:
https://utaten.com/karaoke/falset/
  Diff:
@@ -13,0 +14,4 @@
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<gloss>head voice</gloss>
+</sense>

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jmdict 1605250 Active (id: 2352669)
勿体ない [ichi1] 勿体無い物体ない [sK] 物体無い [sK]
もったいない [ichi1]
1. [adj-i] [uk]
▶ wasteful
▶ a waste
2. [adj-i] [uk]
▶ too good
▶ more than one deserves
▶ unworthy of
3. [adj-i] [uk]
▶ impious
▶ profane
▶ sacrilegious

Conjugations


History:
6. A 2025-11-23 10:17:24  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
5. A* 2025-11-23 09:03:12  GM <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
勿体ない     307,632   7.2% 
勿体無い     521,556  12.2% 
物体ない          64   0.0% -sK
物体無い          20   0.0% -sK
もったいない 3,433,739  80.5%
  Diff:
@@ -12,0 +13 @@
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -15,0 +17 @@
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
4. A 2019-04-29 22:52:13  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2019-04-20 20:28:11  Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daij
  Comments:
Never heard it used to mean "sacrilegious"
  Diff:
@@ -24,3 +24,2 @@
-<gloss>impious</gloss>
-<gloss>profane</gloss>
-<gloss>sacrilegious</gloss>
+<gloss>wasteful</gloss>
+<gloss>a waste</gloss>
@@ -38 +37,3 @@
-<gloss>wasteful</gloss>
+<gloss>impious</gloss>
+<gloss>profane</gloss>
+<gloss>sacrilegious</gloss>
2. A 2015-05-24 06:00:27  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
(show/hide 1 older log entries)

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jmdict 1650050 Active (id: 2352600)
帯鋸帯のこ
おびのこ
1. [n] [abbr]
▶ band saw
▶ bandsaw
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2868142 帯鋸【おびのこぎり】 1. band saw; bandsaw



History:
4. A 2025-11-23 00:57:05  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -14,0 +15 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="2868142">帯鋸・おびのこぎり</xref>
3. A 2025-11-22 21:38:39  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2025-11-22 18:23:46  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daij, meikyo
帯鋸	4,235	57.3%	
帯のこ	3,156	42.7%
  Comments:
The kokugos say that おびのこ is an abbreviation of おびのこぎり. I'll split out the latter.
  Diff:
@@ -8,2 +8 @@
-<keb>帯のこぎり</keb>
-<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
+<keb>帯のこ</keb>
@@ -14,3 +12,0 @@
-<r_ele>
-<reb>おびのこぎり</reb>
-</r_ele>
@@ -18,0 +15 @@
+<misc>&abbr;</misc>
@@ -19,0 +17 @@
+<gloss>bandsaw</gloss>
1. A 2024-12-14 06:01:15  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Mazegaki addition (maze5)
-*- via bulkupd.py -*-
  Diff:
@@ -5,0 +6,4 @@
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>帯のこぎり</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>

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jmdict 1664700 Active (id: 2352625)
宇宙化学
うちゅうかがく
1. [n]
▶ cosmochemistry



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:11:00  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 02:21:29  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
There are two different words here. I'll split out 宇宙科学.
  Diff:
@@ -6,3 +5,0 @@
-</k_ele>
-<k_ele>
-<keb>宇宙科学</keb>
@@ -15,3 +12 @@
-<pos>&adj-no;</pos>
-<gloss>cosmo-chemistry</gloss>
-<gloss>space science</gloss>
+<gloss>cosmochemistry</gloss>

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jmdict 1706180 Active (id: 2352733)
実学 [news2,nf43]
じつがく [news2,nf43]
1. [n]
▶ practical learning
▶ practical studies
▶ practical science
▶ studies with real applications



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 22:19:56  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 15:01:56  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, chujiten, prog, wisdom, daij
  Comments:
Not just science.
  Diff:
@@ -15,0 +16,2 @@
+<gloss>practical learning</gloss>
+<gloss>practical studies</gloss>
@@ -16,0 +19 @@
+<gloss>studies with real applications</gloss>

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jmdict 1770670 Active (id: 2352744)
道学
どうがく
1. [n]
▶ ethics
▶ moral philosophy
2. [n]
▶ (study of) Confucianism (esp. the Cheng-Zhu school of neo-Confucianism)
3. [n]
▶ (study of) Taoism
4. [n] [hist]
▶ Shingaku (Edo-period moral philosophy)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2191820 石門心学 1. Sekimon Shingaku; Edo-period moral philosophy that blended Buddhist, Shinto and Confucian ethical teachings



History:
5. A 2025-11-23 22:24:11  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-11-23 16:02:19  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daij, koj, meikyo
  Diff:
@@ -17 +17 @@
-<gloss>(study of) Confucianism (esp. neo-Confucianism)</gloss>
+<gloss>(study of) Confucianism (esp. the Cheng-Zhu school of neo-Confucianism)</gloss>
3. A 2022-08-28 20:12:39  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2022-08-28 13:32:17  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -26 +26,2 @@
-<gloss>Edo-period popularized blend of Buddhist, Shinto and Confucian ethical teachings (popularised)</gloss>
+<misc>&hist;</misc>
+<gloss>Shingaku (Edo-period moral philosophy)</gloss>
1. A 2021-09-11 12:46:58  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Style alignment.
  Diff:
@@ -17 +17 @@
-<gloss>(the study of) Confucianism (esp. neo-Confucianism)</gloss>
+<gloss>(study of) Confucianism (esp. neo-Confucianism)</gloss>
@@ -21 +21 @@
-<gloss>(the study of) Taoism</gloss>
+<gloss>(study of) Taoism</gloss>

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jmdict 1932090 Active (id: 2352749)
学術論文
がくじゅつろんぶん
1. [n]
▶ academic paper
▶ scholarly paper
▶ academic article
▶ treatise



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 22:26:24  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 20:12:21  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, chujiten, reverso
  Diff:
@@ -11,0 +12,3 @@
+<gloss>academic paper</gloss>
+<gloss>scholarly paper</gloss>
+<gloss>academic article</gloss>
@@ -13,3 +15,0 @@
-<gloss>monograph</gloss>
-<gloss>study</gloss>
-<gloss>paper (scientific, technical)</gloss>

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jmdict 1934280 Active (id: 2352747)
研究科
けんきゅうか
1. [n]
▶ postgraduate course
▶ graduate course
▶ graduate program
▶ graduate school (of)



History:
4. A 2025-11-23 22:25:49  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2025-11-23 21:59:47  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/研究科
>> 研究科とは、専門分野に応じて、教育研究上の目的から組織される大学院の基本となる組織。大学院における研究科の位置づけは、大学における学部に相当する。
https://www.env.nagoya-u.ac.jp/
  Comments:
This term is used for the various "graduate schools" of a Japanese university. e.g. 名古屋大学大学院環境学研究科 - University of Nagoya Graduate School of Environment Studies.
Wikipedia describes it as a 組織, and the graduate school equivalent of a 学部.
  Diff:
@@ -13,0 +14,2 @@
+<gloss>graduate program</gloss>
+<gloss>graduate school (of)</gloss>
2. A 2020-11-04 20:51:05  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Both will be clearer.
  Diff:
@@ -12 +12,2 @@
-<gloss>(post-)graduate course</gloss>
+<gloss>postgraduate course</gloss>
+<gloss>graduate course</gloss>
1. A* 2020-11-04 07:51:09  Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -12 +12 @@
-<gloss>(post)graduate course</gloss>
+<gloss>(post-)graduate course</gloss>

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jmdict 1948340 Active (id: 2352728)
理工科
りこうか
1. [n]
▶ department of science and engineering



History:
1. A 2025-11-23 21:11:53  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
prog
  Diff:
@@ -12 +12 @@
-<gloss>department of science and technology</gloss>
+<gloss>department of science and engineering</gloss>

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jmdict 1955040 Active (id: 2352919)
柳葉魚 [rK]
ししゃもシシャモ
1. [n] [uk] Source lang: ain "susam"
▶ shishamo smelt (Spirinchus lanceolatus)



History:
7. A 2025-11-26 09:46:26  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
I'd keep it, but not a big deal.
6. A* 2025-11-25 00:52:54  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
For タバコ, we decided just to drop the nokanji tag. I think we should do the same here.
  Diff:
@@ -13 +12,0 @@
-<re_nokanji/>
5. A 2025-11-24 10:37:54  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-11-24 08:45:53  Sombrero1
  Refs:
Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーーー─┬─────────┬───────╮
│ 柳葉魚  │   8,263 │  2.6% │
│ ししゃも │ 240,181 │ 77.0% │
│ シシャモ │  63,547 │ 20.4% │
╰─ーーーー─┴─────────┴───────╯
ししゃも・シシャモ is 熟字訓 for 柳葉魚

Kanjipedia, Sankoku

.
  Comments:
Wouldn't we usually have it as 柳葉魚:シシャモ since it's a foreign word used with kanji as 熟字訓?
I mean, I can see that ししゃも is used a lot, and sankoku even gives it as a headword. So it does make sense to have it.
But most kokugos have it as 柳葉魚:シシャモ, as described.

What about having a [nokanji] tag on ししゃも instead? Just out of curiosity
This way we would dissociate ししゃも from the kanji form and have シシャモ be the reading.

It doesn't give an error but I doubt it has been done before, has it?
  Diff:
@@ -5,0 +6 @@
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
3. A 2025-11-23 22:43:19  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
nikk: (アイヌsusam)
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/シシャモ#名称
>> シシャモ」という名称は、アイヌ語のsusam(スサム、語源はsusu(スス(シュシュ))=楊、ham(ハム)=葉とされる)に由来する。
  Diff:
@@ -17 +17 @@
-<lsource xml:lang="ain">susuhamu</lsource>
+<lsource xml:lang="ain">susam</lsource>
(show/hide 2 older log entries)

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jmdict 2015180 Active (id: 2352722)

ビビンバビビンパピビンパプ [rk] ピビンパ [sk] ビビンバップ [sk] ピビムパプ [sk]
1. [n] {food, cooking} Source lang: kor
▶ bibimbap (Korean rice dish)
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2848618 ビビン麺【ビビンめん】 1. bibim-guksu (Korean spicy noodles)



History:
9. A 2025-11-23 20:25:36  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
ピビンパプ is in daijs. I think we should keep at least one of the 〜パプ forms visible.
  Diff:
@@ -11,2 +11,2 @@
-<reb>ピビンパ</reb>
-<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
+<reb>ピビンパプ</reb>
+<re_inf>&rk;</re_inf>
@@ -15 +15 @@
-<reb>ピビンパプ</reb>
+<reb>ピビンパ</reb>
@@ -27,0 +28,2 @@
+<field>&food;</field>
+<lsource xml:lang="kor"/>
8. A 2025-11-23 20:11:58  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
7. A* 2025-11-23 17:35:14  GM <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
ビビンバ   353,398  86.6% 
ビビンパ    41,455  10.2% 
ピビンパ    11,299   2.8% -sk
ピビンパプ    1,283   0.3% -sk
ビビンバップ     213   0.1% -sk
ピビムパプ      589   0.1% -sk
  Diff:
@@ -11,0 +12 @@
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
@@ -14,0 +16 @@
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
@@ -17,0 +20 @@
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
@@ -20,0 +24 @@
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
6. A 2018-11-29 12:13:03  Johan Råde <...address hidden...>
5. A* 2018-11-29 09:18:23  Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijs
g ng

ビビンバ	353398
ビビンパ	41455
ピビンパプ	1283
ビビンバップ	213
ピビムパプ	589
ピビンパ	11299
  Diff:
@@ -10,0 +11,3 @@
+<reb>ピビンパ</reb>
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
@@ -14,0 +18,3 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>ピビムパプ</reb>
(show/hide 4 older log entries)

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jmdict 2023710 Active (id: 2352650)
入れ替え戦入替戦入替え戦 [sK] 入れ換え戦 [sK] 入換え戦 [sK]
いれかえせん
1. [n] {sports}
▶ playoff match to determine promotion and relegation (played between bottom-ranked teams of the higher division and top-ranked teams of the lower division)



History:
5. A 2025-11-23 05:30:48  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-11-21 19:10:08  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, jawiki
入れ替え戦	105,602	75.2%	
入替戦	        28,755	20.5%	
入替え戦	        4,404	3.1%	
入換え戦	        756	0.5%	
入れ換え戦	688	0.5%	
入れ替戦	        68	0.0%	
入換戦	        63	0.0%
  Comments:
Only used unofficially in sumo. We could have a separate sense for it but it's probably not needed.
  Diff:
@@ -4,0 +5,10 @@
+<keb>入れ替え戦</keb>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>入替戦</keb>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>入替え戦</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
@@ -5,0 +16,5 @@
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>入換え戦</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -12,2 +27,2 @@
-<field>&sumo;</field>
-<gloss>match-up between wrestlers from different divisions who will probably 'switch' divisions in new ranking</gloss>
+<field>&sports;</field>
+<gloss>playoff match to determine promotion and relegation (played between bottom-ranked teams of the higher division and top-ranked teams of the lower division)</gloss>
3. A 2012-06-27 23:57:33  Paul Upchurch <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -13,1 +13,1 @@
-<gloss>match-up between sumo wrestlers from different divisions who will probably 'switch' divisions in new ranking</gloss>
+<gloss>match-up between wrestlers from different divisions who will probably 'switch' divisions in new ranking</gloss>
2. A* 2012-06-27 14:27:22 
  Diff:
@@ -12,0 +12,1 @@
+<field>&sumo;</field>
1. A 2004-09-17 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2076560 Active (id: 2358999)
[rK]
かかあカカア (nokanji)
1. [n] [fam,dated,uk]
▶ wife
▶ the missus



History:
6. A 2026-01-30 01:05:32  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
5. A* 2026-01-29 22:27:39  parfait8
  Refs:
Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーーーーー─┬─────┬───────╮
│ うちの嬶   │  97 │ 26.3% │
│ うちの嚊   │   0 │  0.0% │ add rK
│ うちのかかあ │ 139 │ 37.7% │
│ うちのカカア │ 133 │ 36.0% │ add
╰─ーーーーーー─┴─────┴───────╯
Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーーーーー─┬───────┬───────╮
│ かかあ天下  │ 9,476 │ 49.6% │
│ カカア天下  │ 6,289 │ 32.9% │
│ かかあ殿下  │ 1,557 │  8.1% │
│ カカァ天下  │ 1,105 │  5.8% │
│ 嬶天下    │   282 │  1.5% │
│ 嚊天下    │    89 │  0.5% │
│ かかあでんか │   322 │  1.7% │
╰─ーーーーーー─┴───────┴───────╯
  Comments:
many of my refs point to かかあ天下
  Diff:
@@ -8,0 +9 @@
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
@@ -11,0 +13,4 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>カカア</reb>
+<re_nokanji/>
4. A* 2026-01-29 20:27:16  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
sankoku:〔古風〕
meikyo: 自分の妻または他人の妻を親しんで呼ぶ語。また、乱暴に呼ぶ語。
  Comments:
かか is archaic. The JEs and smaller kokugos don't have it. I think it can be dropped.
"missus" is a lot more common than "missis". I don't think we need both as glosses.
  Diff:
@@ -13,3 +12,0 @@
-<r_ele>
-<reb>かか</reb>
-</r_ele>
@@ -17,0 +15,2 @@
+<misc>&fam;</misc>
+<misc>&dated;</misc>
@@ -20 +18,0 @@
-<gloss>the missis</gloss>
3. A 2025-11-23 05:44:06  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
JEs
  Diff:
@@ -17,0 +18 @@
+<misc>&uk;</misc>
@@ -18,0 +20,2 @@
+<gloss>the missis</gloss>
+<gloss>the missus</gloss>
2. A* 2025-11-22 11:23:31 
  Comments:
rare? rK?
occurs in かかあ天下
(show/hide 1 older log entries)

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jmdict 2127460 Active (id: 2352607)

リップソー
1. [n]
▶ rip saw (machine)
▶ ripsaw
▶ straight-line rip saw
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2021190 リッパー 4. rip saw (machine); straight-line rip saw



History:
5. A 2025-11-23 02:16:54  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -9,0 +10 @@
+<gloss>ripsaw</gloss>
4. A 2025-11-23 00:53:09  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Aligning. Appears that 縦挽き鋸 always refers to a handsaw.
  Diff:
@@ -9,3 +9,2 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="2127470">縦挽き鋸</xref>
-<xref type="see" seq="2127470">縦挽き鋸</xref>
-<gloss>ripsaw</gloss>
+<gloss>rip saw (machine)</gloss>
+<gloss>straight-line rip saw</gloss>
3. A 2025-11-22 12:56:34  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
リップソー	136		
リップソ	        0
  Comments:
Uncommon but it gets some web hits.
  Diff:
@@ -8,0 +9 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="2127470">縦挽き鋸</xref>
2. A* 2025-11-22 12:01:28 
  Diff:
@@ -5 +5 @@
-<reb>リップソ</reb>
+<reb>リップソー</reb>
1. A 2007-01-21 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2127470 Active (id: 2352645)
縦挽き鋸縦びきのこ [sK] 縦引き鋸 [sK] 縦引きのこ [sK]
たてびきのこ
1. [n]
▶ ripsaw



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 05:29:04  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2025-11-22 13:50:34  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
縦挽き鋸	        154		
縦びき鋸	        0		
縦ひき鋸	        0		
縦びきのこ	0		
たてびき鋸	0	
縦引き鋸	        37   - non-standard kanji
  Comments:
I can't find a source for たてひき.
  Diff:
@@ -8 +8,2 @@
-<keb>縦ひき鋸</keb>
+<keb>縦びきのこ</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -11 +12,2 @@
-<keb>縦びきのこ</keb>
+<keb>縦引き鋸</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -14 +16,2 @@
-<keb>たてびき鋸</keb>
+<keb>縦引きのこ</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -18,8 +20,0 @@
-<re_restr>縦挽き鋸</re_restr>
-<re_restr>縦びきのこ</re_restr>
-<re_restr>たてびき鋸</re_restr>
-</r_ele>
-<r_ele>
-<reb>たてひきのこ</reb>
-<re_restr>縦挽き鋸</re_restr>
-<re_restr>縦ひき鋸</re_restr>
1. A 2007-01-21 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2246570 Active (id: 2352741)
陽明学
ようめいがく
1. [n]
▶ Yangmingism (school of neo-Confucianism based on the teachings of Wang Yangming)
▶ School of Mind



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 22:23:11  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2025-11-23 14:51:01  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangmingism
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/school-of-mind
  Comments:
I think this is clearer.
I don't think the x-ref is needed.
  Diff:
@@ -12,2 +12,2 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="1328520">朱子学</xref>
-<gloss>neo-Confucianism (based on the teachings of Wang Yangming and his followers)</gloss>
+<gloss>Yangmingism (school of neo-Confucianism based on the teachings of Wang Yangming)</gloss>
+<gloss>School of Mind</gloss>
1. A 2007-12-20 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2247260 Active (id: 2352713)
宋学
そうがく
1. [n]
▶ Song-dynasty neo-Confucianism (esp. the teachings of Zhu Xi)
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2247280 性理学【せいりがく】 1. neo-Confucianism (esp. of the Song dynasty)



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 20:10:07  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2025-11-23 15:55:37  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -12,2 +12 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="1328520">朱子学</xref>
-<gloss>Song-period neo-Confucianism (based esp. on the teachings of Zhu Xi)</gloss>
+<gloss>Song-dynasty neo-Confucianism (esp. the teachings of Zhu Xi)</gloss>
1. A 2007-12-20 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2247270 Active (id: 2352742)
程朱学
ていしゅがく
1. [n]
▶ Cheng-Zhu school (of neo-Confucianism)
▶ neo-Confucianism of the Cheng brothers and Zhu Xi
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1328520 朱子学 1. neo-Confucianism (based on the teachings of Zhu Xi); Cheng-Zhu school



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 22:23:28  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2025-11-23 15:45:21  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng–Zhu_school
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/朱子学
>> 日本で使われる用語であり、中国では、朱熹がみずからの先駆者と位置づけた北宋の程頤と合わせて程朱学(程朱理学)・程朱学派と呼ばれる。
程朱学	164			
朱子学	36,208
  Comments:
Equivalent in meaning to 朱子学.
A lot less common than 朱子学 but I don't think it needs a rare tag. Plenty of hits on the web and Google Books.
  Diff:
@@ -12,3 +12,3 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="2247260">宋学</xref>
-<misc>&rare;</misc>
-<gloss>neo-Confucianism (based on the teaching of the Cheng brothers and Zhu Xi)</gloss>
+<xref type="see" seq="1328520">朱子学</xref>
+<gloss>Cheng-Zhu school (of neo-Confucianism)</gloss>
+<gloss>neo-Confucianism of the Cheng brothers and Zhu Xi</gloss>
1. A 2007-12-20 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2247280 Active (id: 2352698)
性理学
せいりがく
1. [n]
▶ neo-Confucianism (esp. of the Song dynasty)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2247260 宋学 1. Song-dynasty neo-Confucianism (esp. the teachings of Zhu Xi)



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 16:26:59  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -14 +14 @@
-<gloss>neo-Confucianism (esp. from the Song period)</gloss>
+<gloss>neo-Confucianism (esp. of the Song dynasty)</gloss>
1. A 2007-12-20 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2264250 Active (id: 2352626)
不知不識
ふちふしき
1. [n,adj-no] [yoji]
▶ being unaware of what one is doing



History:
4. A 2025-11-23 05:11:23  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2025-11-23 01:01:43  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
I don't think the x-ref is needed. This isn't an adverb.
  Diff:
@@ -13 +12,0 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="1609970">知らず識らず</xref>
@@ -15 +14 @@
-<gloss>not aware of what one is doing</gloss>
+<gloss>being unaware of what one is doing</gloss>
2. A 2022-08-10 08:12:36  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Adding yoji tags based on gakken, shinmeikai and-or jitenon
-*- via bulkupd.py -*-
  Diff:
@@ -13,0 +14 @@
+<misc>&yoji;</misc>
1. A 2008-04-01 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2306040 Active (id: 2352648)

ソーシャルエンジニアリングソーシャル・エンジニアリング
1. [n]
▶ social engineering
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2868121 社会工学 1. social engineering
2. [n]
▶ social engineering (in information security)



History:
6. A 2025-11-23 05:29:53  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
5. A* 2025-11-21 11:38:02  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ソーシャル・エンジニアリング
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)
  Comments:
Two senses in daijs. Web results are dominated by sense 2.
  Diff:
@@ -11,0 +12 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="2868121">社会工学</xref>
@@ -12,0 +14,4 @@
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<gloss>social engineering (in information security)</gloss>
4. A 2014-05-20 07:42:30  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2014-05-20 06:34:02  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Not just comp.
  Diff:
@@ -12 +11,0 @@
-<field>&comp;</field>
2. A 2013-05-11 08:45:03  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update.Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update.
-*- via bulkupd.py -*-
  Diff:
@@ -6,0 +6,3 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>ソーシャル・エンジニアリング</reb>
(show/hide 1 older log entries)

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jmdict 2337200 Active (id: 2352595)

リッピングソフトウェアリッピング・ソフトウェアリッピングソフトウエア [sk]
1. [n] {computing}
▶ ripping software
▶ ripper
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2868137 リッピングソフト 1. ripping software; ripper



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 00:39:59  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
リッピングソフトウェア	250		
リッピングソフトウエア	0	- daijs
リッピングソフト	        4,258
  Diff:
@@ -9,0 +10,4 @@
+<r_ele>
+<reb>リッピングソフトウエア</reb>
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
+</r_ele>
@@ -11,0 +16 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="2868137">リッピングソフト</xref>
@@ -13,0 +19 @@
+<gloss>ripper</gloss>
2. A 2013-05-11 11:48:11  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update.Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update.
-*- via bulkupd.py -*-
  Diff:
@@ -6,0 +6,3 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>リッピング・ソフトウェア</reb>
1. A 2008-05-24 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2378040 Active (id: 2352638)
等高線グラフ
とうこうせんグラフ
1. [n] {computing}
▶ surface chart
▶ contour plot



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 05:26:47  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2025-11-22 19:19:08  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://dailyexcelhacks.blog/excel-3d-chart-basics/
https://www.javadrive.jp/excelgraph/contour_plot/
  Comments:
Seems to be an Excel term.
  Diff:
@@ -13 +13,2 @@
-<gloss>contour graph</gloss>
+<gloss>surface chart</gloss>
+<gloss>contour plot</gloss>
1. A 2008-05-24 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2398260 Active (id: 2352753)
微睡み微睡
まどろみ [gikun]
1. [n] [uk]
▶ doze
▶ nap
▶ short sleep
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2854608 微睡【びすい】 1. doze; nap; short sleep



History:
12. A 2025-11-23 22:48:05  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
At that time we weren't using [gikun] if it was the only reading on the entry.
11. A* 2025-11-23 19:43:43  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
This should probably not have been removed. The まどろむ entry has it.
  Diff:
@@ -11,0 +12 @@
+<re_inf>&gikun;</re_inf>
10. A 2022-05-19 01:08:13  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -12 +11,0 @@
-<re_inf>&gikun;</re_inf>
9. A 2022-05-19 00:53:48  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
OK, splitting.
  Diff:
@@ -3,0 +4,3 @@
+<k_ele>
+<keb>微睡み</keb>
+</k_ele>
@@ -10,3 +12,0 @@
-</r_ele>
-<r_ele>
-<reb>びすい</reb>
8. A* 2022-05-18 20:29:38  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
微睡の	1014
微睡みの	5649
微睡が	25
微睡みが	123
  Comments:
I want to add 微睡み but I think it would be better to split out まどろみ into a separate entry. I'm not fond of restr tags in cases like this. Also, uk doesn't apply to びすい.
(show/hide 7 older log entries)

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jmdict 2437810 Active (id: 2352653)

インタリオインタリヨ
1. [n] Source lang: ita
▶ intaglio (design or piece of art)



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 05:32:00  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2025-11-21 16:48:36  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
インタリオ	3,741  - jawiki, RP
インタリヨ	0      - daijr/s
  Diff:
@@ -6,0 +7,3 @@
+<r_ele>
+<reb>インタリヨ</reb>
+</r_ele>
@@ -9 +12,2 @@
-<gloss>intaglio</gloss>
+<lsource xml:lang="ita"/>
+<gloss>intaglio (design or piece of art)</gloss>
1. A 2009-04-10 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2464930 Active (id: 2352671)
目梶木 [rK] 眼旗魚 [rK] 眼梶木 [rK] 目旗魚 [rK]
めかじきメカジキ (nokanji)
1. [n] [uk]
▶ swordfish (Xiphias gladius)
▶ broadbill



History:
5. A 2025-11-23 10:25:18  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-11-23 08:19:56  GM <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
眼梶木      20   0.0% -rK (daijr)
眼旗魚      62   0.2% -rK (daijs)
目旗魚       0   0.0% -rK (gg5)
目梶木      74   0.2% -rK (daijs)
めかじき 14,603  36.5% 
メカジキ 25,302  63.2%
  Diff:
@@ -5 +5,2 @@
-<keb>眼梶木</keb>
+<keb>目梶木</keb>
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
@@ -8,0 +10,5 @@
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>眼梶木</keb>
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
@@ -12,3 +18 @@
-</k_ele>
-<k_ele>
-<keb>目梶木</keb>
+<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf>
3. A 2016-01-24 11:44:54  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2016-01-20 06:34:30  Scott
  Refs:
gg5
  Diff:
@@ -8,0 +9,6 @@
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>目旗魚</keb>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>目梶木</keb>
1. A 2009-07-17 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2466990 Active (id: 2352654)

カレッジリングカレッジ・リング
1. [n] Source lang: eng(wasei) "college ring"
▶ class ring
▶ graduation ring



History:
4. A 2025-11-23 05:32:15  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2025-11-21 16:16:11  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_ring
  Comments:
Appears to be wasei.
  Diff:
@@ -12 +12,3 @@
-<gloss>college ring</gloss>
+<lsource ls_wasei="y">college ring</lsource>
+<gloss>class ring</gloss>
+<gloss>graduation ring</gloss>
2. A 2013-05-11 07:09:29  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update.Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update.
-*- via bulkupd.py -*-
  Diff:
@@ -6,0 +6,3 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>カレッジ・リング</reb>
1. A 2009-07-17 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2486380 Active (id: 2352738)

グレーバー
1. [n]
▶ graver (engraving tool)
▶ burin
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2868153 ビュラン 1. burin (engraving tool)
2. [n] {archeology}
▶ burin
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2868152 彫器 1. burin



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 22:21:57  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2025-11-23 15:08:38  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijr/s, koj, nikk
  Comments:
Daijs and nikk have sense 1. Daijr and koj have sense 2.
  Diff:
@@ -9 +9,9 @@
-<gloss>graver</gloss>
+<xref type="see" seq="2868153">ビュラン・1</xref>
+<gloss>graver (engraving tool)</gloss>
+<gloss>burin</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="2868152">彫器</xref>
+<field>&archeol;</field>
+<gloss>burin</gloss>
1. A 2009-07-17 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2527760 Active (id: 2352758)
火消し役火消役
ひけしやく
1. [n] [hist]
▶ firefighter (Edo period)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2527770 定火消し 1. firefighter (Edo period)
2. [n]
▶ problem-solver
▶ troubleshooter
3. [n] {baseball}
▶ fireman
▶ relief pitcher
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1933100 救援投手 1. relief pitcher; reliever; fireman
  ⇐ see: 1107660 ファイアマン 2. relief pitcher; fireman



History:
4. A 2025-11-23 23:55:05  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -15,0 +16 @@
+<misc>&hist;</misc>
@@ -24,0 +26 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="1933100">救援投手</xref>
@@ -25,0 +28 @@
+<gloss>fireman</gloss>
@@ -27,2 +29,0 @@
-<gloss>reliever</gloss>
-<gloss>fireman</gloss>
3. A 2018-12-24 18:43:50  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daij, gg5
  Comments:
Daijr redirects to 定火消し, which is defined as an Edo period firefighter.
  Diff:
@@ -16 +16 @@
-<gloss>fireman</gloss>
+<gloss>firefighter (Edo period)</gloss>
@@ -21 +21 @@
-<gloss>fixer</gloss>
+<gloss>troubleshooter</gloss>
@@ -27,0 +28 @@
+<gloss>fireman</gloss>
2. A* 2018-12-24 07:31:09  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
中辞典, Daijr, GG5
  Comments:
Refs don't mention Edo.
  Diff:
@@ -16 +16 @@
-<gloss>fireman (in Edo)</gloss>
+<gloss>fireman</gloss>
@@ -22,0 +23,6 @@
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<field>&baseb;</field>
+<gloss>relief pitcher</gloss>
+<gloss>reliever</gloss>
+</sense>
1. A 2009-11-14 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2527770 Active (id: 2352759)
定火消し定火消
じょうびけし
1. [n] [hist]
▶ firefighter (Edo period)
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2527760 火消し役【ひけしやく】 1. firefighter (Edo period)



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 23:55:19  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -14,0 +15 @@
+<misc>&hist;</misc>
2. A 2018-12-24 18:45:38  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -15 +15 @@
-<gloss>fireman (in Edo)</gloss>
+<gloss>firefighter (Edo period)</gloss>
1. A 2009-11-14 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2532170 Active (id: 2352690)
尿中
にょうちゅう
1. [adj-no]
▶ in the urine



History:
4. A 2025-11-23 15:24:18  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -12 +12 @@
-<gloss>in urine</gloss>
+<gloss>in the urine</gloss>
3. A 2025-11-23 07:51:10  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
2. A* 2025-11-20 23:35:58  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -11 +10,0 @@
-<pos>&n;</pos>
@@ -13 +12 @@
-<gloss>urine</gloss>
+<gloss>in urine</gloss>
1. A 2010-03-18 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2537100 Deleted (id: 2352627)
放送問題用語
ほうそうもんだいようご
1. [n]
▶ words you can't say on TV or radio
▶ taboo words banned from broadcasts
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1946890 放送禁止用語 1. word not allowed to be broadcast (on TV or radio); word prohibited on TV and radio; unbroadcastable word



History:
5. D 2025-11-23 05:13:28  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. D* 2025-11-23 00:56:09  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
放送問題用語	29		
放送禁止用語	40,779
  Comments:
Not in my refs. Very few web hits. I think it can go.
3. A 2018-02-22 06:30:44  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Fiddling.
  Diff:
@@ -14,2 +14,2 @@
-<gloss>words you can't say on TV (or radio)</gloss>
-<gloss>taboo words banned from broadcast</gloss>
+<gloss>words you can't say on TV or radio</gloss>
+<gloss>taboo words banned from broadcasts</gloss>
2. A* 2018-02-21 01:20:12  Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Submitting together with this 放送禁止用語 or we'll probably 
forget to align it (if the edit is approved).
  Diff:
@@ -14,2 +14,2 @@
-<gloss>banned word</gloss>
-<gloss>word which is not allowed to be used on TV or radio</gloss>
+<gloss>words you can't say on TV (or radio)</gloss>
+<gloss>taboo words banned from broadcast</gloss>
1. A 2010-03-18 00:00:00 
  Comments:
Entry created

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jmdict 2612460 Active (id: 2352637)
閨門
けいもん
1. [n]
▶ entrance to a bedroom
▶ bedroom
2. [n]
▶ home
▶ family life
▶ conjugal relationship



History:
6. A 2025-11-23 05:26:24  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
5. A* 2025-11-22 23:09:07  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijr/s
  Comments:
I don't think the x-ref is needed.
  Diff:
@@ -12 +12 @@
-<gloss>bedroom entrance</gloss>
+<gloss>entrance to a bedroom</gloss>
@@ -17 +16,0 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="1192280">家庭</xref>
@@ -20 +18,0 @@
-<gloss>household</gloss>
4. A 2011-02-23 21:18:31  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2011-02-23 17:19:16  Scott
  Diff:
@@ -21,1 +21,1 @@
-<gloss>conjugal relationaship</gloss>
+<gloss>conjugal relationship</gloss>
2. A 2011-02-23 10:11:43  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
GG5
  Diff:
@@ -19,1 +19,1 @@
-<gloss>family</gloss>
+<gloss>family life</gloss>
@@ -21,0 +21,1 @@
+<gloss>conjugal relationaship</gloss>
(show/hide 1 older log entries)

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jmdict 2615500 Active (id: 2352651)
理科系
りかけい
1. [n,adj-no]
▶ the sciences
▶ STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics)
Cross references:
  ⇔ see: 1505180 文科系 1. humanities, social sciences, and fine arts; liberal arts



History:
4. A 2025-11-23 05:31:17  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2025-11-21 11:44:20  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/文系と理系
>> それぞれ文科系、理科系とも呼ばれ
  Comments:
Aligning with 理系.
  Diff:
@@ -12 +12,5 @@
-<gloss>science course</gloss>
+<pos>&adj-no;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="1505180">文科系</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="1505180">文科系</xref>
+<gloss>the sciences</gloss>
+<gloss>STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics)</gloss>
2. A 2011-03-11 05:32:52  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
GG5, 新和英中辞典
1. A* 2011-03-11 05:25:21 
  Refs:
Eij

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jmdict 2629500 Active (id: 2352737)
風媒
ふうばい
1. [n,adj-no] {botany}
▶ anemophily



History:
4. A 2025-11-23 22:21:39  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
3. A* 2025-11-23 16:56:40  Sombrero1
  Refs:
GG5, RP, Chuujiten


Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーー─┬───────┬───────╮
│ 風媒  │ 5,470 │ 97.9% │
│ 風媒の │   116 │  2.1% │
╰─ーーー─┴───────┴───────╯
.
  Comments:
I think one sense is enough.

Not too sure about that [adj-no] tag, but I think it can stay here.
Most references give an ~の example as well
  Diff:
@@ -11,0 +12,2 @@
+<pos>&adj-no;</pos>
+<field>&bot;</field>
@@ -13,4 +14,0 @@
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&adj-no;</pos>
-<gloss>anemophilous</gloss>
2. A 2011-05-03 04:25:29  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2011-05-03 01:07:32  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
koj, gg5, eij

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jmdict 2713150 Active (id: 2353602)
わいせつ行為猥褻行為ワイセツ行為 [sK]
わいせつこうい
1. [n]
▶ indecent act (esp. molestation or indecent exposure)



History:
8. A 2025-12-05 11:48:13  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
OK. Thanks.
7. A* 2025-12-05 03:07:28  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://www.mext.go.jp/component/a_menu/education/detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2011/12/22/1314343_05.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
>>「わいせつ行為」とは、強姦、強制わいせつ(13歳以上の者への暴行・脅迫によるわいせつ行為及び13歳未満の者へのわいせつ行為)、公然わいせつ、わいせつ物頒布等、買春、痴漢、のぞき、陰部等の露出、青少年保護条例等違反、不適切な裸体・下着姿等の撮影(隠し撮り等を含む。)、わいせつ目的をもって体に触ること等をいう。
  Comments:
There isn't a meaningful difference between わいせつ行為 and わいせつな行為. I was just noting that there's nothing in Japanese law that defines わいせつ行為 as "sexual molestation".
Most online sources only mention molestation and indecent exposure but the above definition from MEXT includes rape and prostitution.
The Japanese Law Translation website translates わいせつな行為 as "indecent act".
I think the term is broad enough in legal contexts that a second sense isn't necessary.
  Diff:
@@ -19,9 +19 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="2176050">わいせつ罪</xref>
-<gloss>sexual molestation</gloss>
-<gloss>indecent exposure</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&n;</pos>
-<gloss>lewd behavior</gloss>
-<gloss>obscene act</gloss>
-<gloss>indecent conduct</gloss>
+<gloss>indecent act (esp. molestation or indecent exposure)</gloss>
6. A* 2025-12-01 14:00:37  parfait8
  Comments:
>"わいせつ行為" doesn't appear in Japanese law.

seems to still be used in legal/technical contexts but i'm not too familiar with how the [law] tag is used in JMdict

>"わいせつ*な*行為" does but it describes other acts besides molestation, e.g. indecent exposure.

i don't believe "わいせつな行為" and "わいせつ行為" are meaningfully different, they're e.g. used interchangeably by newspapers
indecent exposure directed at children is considered molestation, probably a good idea to add it as a gloss, but わいせつ行為 is also used for e.g. groping https://www.nagoyatv.com/news/?id=033103

>isn't the "sexual" in "sexual molestation" redundant?

i guess "molestation" has come to pretty much always mean something of a sexual nature, but it's not strictly redundant esp. in more technical/legal contexts

>I'm not sure there's more than one sense here.

the second sense is certainly more colloquial but i've seen it
  Diff:
@@ -20 +19,0 @@
-<field>&law;</field>
@@ -21,0 +21 @@
+<gloss>indecent exposure</gloss>
5. A* 2025-12-01 00:45:09  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://wakailaw.com/keiji/11426
>>「わいせつな行為」という文言は、刑法にはっきりと明記されています。たとえば、公然わいせつ罪、不同意わいせつ罪(旧強制わいせつ罪)、監護者わいせつ罪などに「わいせつな行為」という文言が使われています。
  Comments:
Are there any references that support this amendment?
"わいせつ行為" doesn't appear in Japanese law. "わいせつ*な*行為" does but it describes other acts besides molestation, e.g. indecent exposure.
I'm not sure there's more than one sense here. Also, isn't the "sexual" in "sexual molestation" redundant?
4. A 2025-11-24 00:18:28  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
I guess so.
(show/hide 3 older log entries)

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jmdict 2736020 Active (id: 2352706)

コードシェアリングコード・シェアリング
1. [n] {aviation}
▶ code-sharing
▶ codesharing
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2736030 コードシェア 1. codeshare



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 19:18:41  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijr		
コードシェアリング	424	
コードシェア	45,722
  Diff:
@@ -11,0 +12,2 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="2736030">コードシェア</xref>
+<field>&aviat;</field>
@@ -12,0 +15 @@
+<gloss>codesharing</gloss>
2. A 2012-08-18 02:11:58  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2012-08-18 01:45:13  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
koj

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jmdict 2736030 Active (id: 2352705)

コードシェアコード・シェア [sk]
1. [n] {aviation}
▶ codeshare
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2736020 コードシェアリング 1. code-sharing; codesharing



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 19:15:29  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
コードシェア	45,722	99.6%	
コード・シェア	180	0.4%
  Comments:
One word in English, sometimes hyphenated.
  Diff:
@@ -8,0 +9 @@
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
@@ -11,0 +13 @@
+<field>&aviat;</field>
2. A 2012-08-18 02:12:11  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2012-08-18 01:47:25  Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijs, wiki

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jmdict 2762200 Active (id: 2352711)
見つめ合う見つめあう見詰め合う見詰めあう [sK]
みつめあう
1. [v5u,vi]
▶ to stare at each other
▶ to lock eyes (with)

Conjugations


History:
6. A 2025-11-23 19:55:20  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -21,0 +22 @@
+<pos>&vi;</pos>
@@ -23 +24 @@
-<gloss>to lock eyes with</gloss>
+<gloss>to lock eyes (with)</gloss>
5. A 2025-11-23 07:58:00  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-11-23 07:41:59  GM <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
見つめ合う 38,308  48.4% 
見つめあう 26,840  33.9% 
見詰め合う 11,487  14.5% 
見詰めあう    129   0.2% -sK
みつめあう  2,397   3.0%
  Diff:
@@ -14,0 +15 @@
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
3. A 2017-09-17 20:15:35  Johan Råde <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
reordered by googits
  Diff:
@@ -5 +5 @@
-<keb>見詰め合う</keb>
+<keb>見つめ合う</keb>
@@ -11 +11 @@
-<keb>見つめ合う</keb>
+<keb>見詰め合う</keb>
2. A 2013-01-10 04:36:14  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
Eijiro
(show/hide 1 older log entries)

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jmdict 2831170 Active (id: 2352817)

ショコラティーヌ
1. [n] {food, cooking} Source lang: fre
▶ chocolatine
▶ pain au chocolat
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2831169 パンオショコラ 1. pain au chocolat; chocolate croissant
2. [n] {food, cooking}
《by confusion with テリーヌ》
▶ chocolate terrine



History:
9. A 2025-11-24 19:49:57  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
8. A* 2025-11-24 11:54:34  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
I'm fairly confident.
  Diff:
@@ -17,0 +18 @@
+<s_inf>by confusion with テリーヌ</s_inf>
7. A 2025-11-23 22:22:51  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
6. A* 2025-11-23 19:50:31  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://www.meiji.co.jp/hello-chocolate/column/93/
  Comments:
I suspect that the "chocolate cake" usage is just people confusing it with ショコラテリーヌ (chocolate terrine).
  Diff:
@@ -8,0 +9 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="2831169">パンオショコラ</xref>
@@ -9,0 +11 @@
+<lsource xml:lang="fre"/>
@@ -11 +13,6 @@
-<gloss>chocolate cake (esp. layered)</gloss>
+<gloss>pain au chocolat</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&n;</pos>
+<field>&food;</field>
+<gloss>chocolate terrine</gloss>
5. A 2025-11-23 05:10:24  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
(show/hide 4 older log entries)

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jmdict 2841502 Active (id: 2352714)
宋明理学
そうみんりがく
1. [n]
▶ neo-Confucianism (developed in the Song and Ming dynasties)
▶ Song-Ming neo-Confucianism
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 1549920 理学【りがく】 4. neo-Confucianism



History:
5. A 2025-11-23 20:10:34  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
4. A* 2025-11-23 14:25:13  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/宋明理学
  Comments:
Plenty of web hits. Not rare in academia.
  Diff:
@@ -12,2 +12,2 @@
-<misc>&rare;</misc>
-<gloss>neo-Confucianism</gloss>
+<gloss>neo-Confucianism (developed in the Song and Ming dynasties)</gloss>
+<gloss>Song-Ming neo-Confucianism</gloss>
3. A 2022-08-28 09:51:33  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -12 +11,0 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="1329510">儒教</xref>
2. A 2019-09-19 11:59:39  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
宋明理学	339
  Diff:
@@ -12,0 +13 @@
+<misc>&obsc;</misc>
1. A* 2019-09-19 07:57:54  Nicolas Maia
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/宋明理学
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Confucianism

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jmdict 2860036 Active (id: 2352732)
小人 [spec2,news2,nf26]
こびと [spec2,news2,nf26]
1. [n]
▶ little person (in folklore and fantasy, e.g. fairy, elf, gnome)
▶ little people
▶ dwarf
2. [n]
▶ little person (i.e. a person with dwarfism)
▶ dwarf
▶ midget



History:
11. A 2025-11-23 22:19:37  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
10. A* 2025-11-23 17:23:34  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/小人_(伝説の生物)
>> 明治・大正時代以降に幼年向けの童話作品などを通じて日本で一般的になったファンタジー作品の「小人」は、フェアリー・エルフ・ピクシーなどを指したものがほとんどを占めている。[...]「小人」という呼称の使用は商業出版物では新規に用いられることは減っているが、漫画・アニメなどの創作作品で「小人のイメージ」が登場する場合は、おとぎ話の一寸法師イメージを除けば基本的にはフェアリー的な意味合いの「小人のイメージ」が用いられることが主流[要出典]である
  Comments:
I was mistaken. I associate 小人 very strongly with the the dwarfs in Snow White and I'm accustomed to seeing 妖精 used for "fairy" and similar creatures from Western folklore.
I think "dwarf" is fine as a gloss but I'll move it down. All the EJs have 小人 for "dwarf" and smk's example for 小人 is「白雪姫と七人の―」. The other small creatures/beings might be better as examples.
I'll switch the order of the senses.
  Diff:
@@ -18 +18,2 @@
-<gloss>little person</gloss>
+<gloss>little person (in folklore and fantasy, e.g. fairy, elf, gnome)</gloss>
+<gloss>little people</gloss>
@@ -20 +20,0 @@
-<gloss>midget</gloss>
@@ -24,2 +24,3 @@
-<gloss>dwarf (in folklore and fantasy)</gloss>
-<gloss>little people</gloss>
+<gloss>little person (i.e. a person with dwarfism)</gloss>
+<gloss>dwarf</gloss>
+<gloss>midget</gloss>
9. A* 2025-11-23 11:00:34 
  Refs:
koj: 伝説・物語などに出てくる体の小さい想像上の人間。一寸法師など。
  Comments:
I don't like dwarf, because it implies a body of certain proportions, and I dare say dwarves tend to be rather tall, but this is about tiny people, maybe 30 cm or less in height, such as
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poor_little_birdie_teased_by_Richard_Doyle.jpg (found on the wikipedia page for elf)

would anybody call issun boushi a dwarf?

gnome, elf, leprechaun, sprite, pixie are roughly correct in size at least even if they imply some sort of magical creature.

in addition, sense 1 may not be modern, since smaller kokugos such as meikyo choose to omit it
8. A 2025-11-23 05:26:03  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
7. A* 2025-11-22 21:47:55  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism#Terminology
  Comments:
"little person" is the preferred term for people with dwarfism. Dwarf is sometimes considered offensive. Midget is almost always offensive.
I don't think "gnome" are "elf" are typically translated as 小人. 
I don't think we need "Lilliputian".
  Diff:
@@ -17,0 +18 @@
+<gloss>little person</gloss>
@@ -20 +20,0 @@
-<gloss>pygmy</gloss>
@@ -24,2 +24 @@
-<gloss>gnome</gloss>
-<gloss>elf</gloss>
+<gloss>dwarf (in folklore and fantasy)</gloss>
@@ -27 +25,0 @@
-<gloss>Lilliputian</gloss>
(show/hide 6 older log entries)

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jmdict 2861196 Active (id: 2352707)
コードシェア便
コードシェアびん
1. [n] {aviation}
▶ codeshare flight



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 19:19:23  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -11,0 +12 @@
+<field>&aviat;</field>
2. A 2024-05-09 08:21:39  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2024-05-09 07:30:46  Marcus Richert <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijr

View entry in alternate formats: jel | edict | jmdict xml | jmnedict xml | jmdictdb xml
jmdict 2868093 Active (id: 2353027)
証を立てる証をたてる [sK] 証しを立てる [sK] あかしを立てる [sK]
あかしをたてる
1. [exp,v1]
▶ to prove
▶ to establish
▶ to give evidence (for)

Conjugations


History:
9. A 2025-11-27 16:12:24  Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Oops. Nice catch.
8. A* 2025-11-27 16:08:30 
  Diff:
@@ -24 +24 @@
-<pos>&v5s;</pos>
+<pos>&v1;</pos>
7. A 2025-11-25 01:36:38  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
6. A* 2025-11-24 23:45:43  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, chujiten
  Diff:
@@ -14,0 +15,4 @@
+<k_ele>
+<keb>あかしを立てる</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
+</k_ele>
@@ -22 +26,2 @@
-<gloss>to make clear</gloss>
+<gloss>to establish</gloss>
+<gloss>to give evidence (for)</gloss>
5. A 2025-11-23 16:22:52  Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーーーーーー─┬───────┬───────╮
│ 証を立てる   │ 1,663 │ 66.7% │
│ 証をたてる   │   299 │ 12.0% │
│ 証しを立てる  │   243 │  9.7% │
│ あかしを立てる │   181 │  7.3% │
│ 証しをたてる  │    61 │  2.4% │
│ あかしをたてる │    48 │  1.9% │
╰─ーーーーーーー─┴───────┴───────╯
  Diff:
@@ -7,0 +8,4 @@
+<keb>証をたてる</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
@@ -8,0 +13 @@
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
(show/hide 4 older log entries)

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jmdict 2868117 Deleted (id: 2352622)
氷上穴釣り
ひょうじょうあなづり
1. [n]
▶ ice fishing



History:
3. D 2025-11-23 05:09:38  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
氷上	201154
穴釣り	26135
  Comments:
Harmless, but hardly worth adding.
2. A* 2025-11-23 00:41:41  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
氷上穴釣り	775		
氷上の穴釣り	328
  Comments:
I don't think this is needed. It's not very common and we already have an "ice fishing" sense on 穴釣り.
1. A* 2025-11-21 08:29:21  Brian Krznarich <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
氷上穴釣り	775	26.2%
氷上穴釣	0	0.0%
氷上の穴釣り	328	11.1%
氷上の穴釣	0	0.0%
氷上釣り	1510	51.0%
氷上釣	32	1.1%
氷上の釣り	316	10.7%
氷上の釣	0	0.0%

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ワカサギ
ワカサギ釣りには、氷上穴釣り、ドーム船釣り、ボート釣り、岸釣りなど、多様な方法がある[18]
  Comments:
While editing ワカサギ釣り and 穴釣り

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jmdict 2868120 Active (id: 2352643)
社会情報学
しゃかいじょうほうがく
1. [n]
▶ social informatics



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:28:27  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-21 11:07:17  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/社会情報学
https://sil.r.chuo-u.ac.jp/home/about/si
https://www.aoyama.ac.jp/faculty/ssi/
https://www.i.nagoya-u.ac.jp/gs/si/

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jmdict 2868121 Active (id: 2352642)
社会工学
しゃかいこうがく
1. [n]
▶ social engineering
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2306040 ソーシャルエンジニアリング 1. social engineering



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:28:13  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-21 11:08:52  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, daij, koj

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jmdict 2868122 Active (id: 2352652)
経済物理学
けいざいぶつりがく
1. [n]
▶ econophysics



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:31:38  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-21 11:14:08  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
KOD追加語彙, daijs, jawiki

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jmdict 2868123 Active (id: 2352646)
観光学
かんこうがく
1. [n]
▶ tourism studies



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:29:19  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-21 11:48:36  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
KOD追加語彙, jawiki

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jmdict 2868124 Active (id: 2352639)
国際経済学
こくさいけいざいがく
1. [n]
▶ international economics



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:27:14  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-21 11:53:22  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
KOD追加語彙, jawiki

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jmdict 2868125 Active (id: 2352644)
福祉学
ふくしがく
1. [n]
▶ welfare studies



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:28:39  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-21 12:37:40  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/福祉学
https://shingaku.mynavi.jp/future/gakumon/29/
https://nennai-nyushi-navi.jp/blogs/welfare-science
https://shingakunet.com/gakumon/g1060/
福祉学	29,544

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jmdict 2868128 Active (id: 2352657)

インディカーシリーズインディカー・シリーズ
1. [n]
▶ IndyCar Series



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:33:10  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-21 17:13:17  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijs, jawiki
インディカー・シリーズ	4,755
インディカーシリーズ	1,304

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jmdict 2868129 Active (id: 2352649)

チャンピオンリングチャンピオン・リング
1. [n] Source lang: eng(wasei) "champion ring"
▶ championship ring (awarded to members of a winning sports team)



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:30:12  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-21 17:47:33  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijr, jawiki
チャンピオンリング	4,446

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jmdict 2868130 Active (id: 2352631)
リリーフ投手
リリーフとうしゅ
1. [n] {baseball}
▶ relief pitcher
▶ reliever
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1933100 救援投手 1. relief pitcher; reliever; fireman



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:19:23  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-21 23:41:54  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, RP, eij, jawiki
リリーフ投手	8,819	
救援投手	        9,484

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jmdict 2868147 Active (id: 2352630)
遺伝医学
いでんいがく
1. [n]
▶ medical genetics



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:16:52  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-22 21:52:03  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijs, jawiki, eij

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jmdict 2868148 Active (id: 2352629)
木天蓼
もくてんりょう
1. [n]
▶ silver vine (used in traditional Chinese medicine)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1534790 【マタタビ】 1. silver vine (Actinidia polygama); cat powder



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:16:33  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-22 22:31:07  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/マタタビ
>> 漢方では木天蓼(もくてんりょう)という。
https://www.babakanpou.co.jp/contents/minkan/matatabi.html
https://www.hana300.com/matata.html
  Comments:
Split from 1534790.

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jmdict 2868149 Active (id: 2352628)
侏儒症
しゅじゅしょう
1. [n] [obs] {medicine}
▶ dwarfism
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2549280 小人症 1. dwarfism



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:16:11  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-22 23:13:09  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daij, koj, jawiki
侏儒症	79		
小人症	5,459
  Comments:
Presumably obsolete.

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jmdict 2868150 Active (id: 2352621)
平版印刷
へいはんいんさつ
1. [n] {printing}
▶ planographic printing
▶ planography



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:04:02  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 01:08:04  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, prog, wisdom, RP

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jmdict 2868151 Active (id: 2352620)

エングレービングエングレーヴィング
1. [n]
▶ engraving



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:03:45  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
エングレービング	2483	58.8%
エングレーヴィング	1742	41.2%
  Diff:
@@ -5,0 +6,3 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>エングレーヴィング</reb>
1. A* 2025-11-23 01:52:46  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijr, jawiki

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jmdict 2868152 Active (id: 2352619)
彫器
ちょうき
1. [n] {archeology}
▶ burin
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2868153 ビュラン 2. burin (flint tool)
  ⇐ see: 2868160 刻器【こっき】 1. burin
  ⇐ see: 2486380 グレーバー 2. burin



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:01:35  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 01:58:26  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijr, koj, nipponica

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jmdict 2868153 Active (id: 2352685)

ビュラン
1. [n] Source lang: fre
▶ burin (engraving tool)
Cross references:
  ⇐ see: 2486380 グレーバー 1. graver (engraving tool); burin
2. [n] {archeology}
▶ burin (flint tool)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2868152 彫器 1. burin



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 14:51:37  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -13,0 +14 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="2868152">彫器</xref>
2. A 2025-11-23 05:01:22  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 02:00:32  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, koj, RP, jawiki

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jmdict 2868154 Active (id: 2352617)
宇宙科学
うちゅうかがく
1. [n]
▶ space science



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:01:07  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 02:21:42  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Split from 1664700.

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jmdict 2868155 Active (id: 2352616)
天体化学
てんたいかがく
1. [n]
▶ astrochemistry



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:00:55  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 02:23:22  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
jawiki, RP, gakken

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jmdict 2868156 Active (id: 2352615)
物理科学
ぶつりかがく
1. [n]
▶ physical science



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:00:42  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 02:48:31  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
eij
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/物理科学
https://www.aoyama.ac.jp/faculty/science/physical/
物理科学	10,664

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jmdict 2868157 Active (id: 2352724)

レリーフ [gai1] リリーフ [sk]
1. [n]
▶ relief (sculptural method)
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1588030 浮き彫り 1. relief; embossed carving



History:
3. A 2025-11-23 20:44:56  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
レリーフ	207,706
  Comments:
This had a gai1 tag on 1143270.
Although リリーフ appears never to be used with this meaning, I'm adding it as a search-only form because all the kokugos have a second sense on their リリーフ entry pointing to レリーフ.
  Diff:
@@ -5,0 +6,5 @@
+<re_pri>gai1</re_pri>
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>リリーフ</reb>
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
2. A 2025-11-23 05:22:40  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -8,0 +9 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="1588030">浮き彫り・1</xref>
1. A 2025-11-23 05:22:04  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
GG5, etc.
  Comments:
Split from 1143270.

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jmdict 2868158 Active (id: 2353522)
間々あるまま有る [sK]
ままある
1. [exp,v5r-i] [uk]
▶ to be not uncommon
▶ to happen fairly often
▶ to occur with some frequency
▶ to often be the case

Conjugations


History:
8. A 2025-12-04 10:14:40  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
7. A* 2025-12-04 07:16:39  GM <...address hidden...>
  Diff:
@@ -16,0 +17 @@
+<misc>&uk;</misc>
6. A 2025-12-03 02:24:34  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
ままある	60,551	86.7%	
間々ある	8,353	12.0%	
まま有る	849	1.2%	
間々有る	120	0.2%
  Diff:
@@ -5,0 +6,4 @@
+</k_ele>
+<k_ele>
+<keb>まま有る</keb>
+<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf>
@@ -12,0 +17,3 @@
+<gloss>to be not uncommon</gloss>
+<gloss>to happen fairly often</gloss>
+<gloss>to occur with some frequency</gloss>
@@ -14,2 +20,0 @@
-<gloss>to occur frequently</gloss>
-<gloss>to happen occasionally</gloss>
5. A* 2025-12-02 19:54:37 
  Diff:
@@ -3,0 +4,3 @@
+<k_ele>
+<keb>間々ある</keb>
+</k_ele>
4. A 2025-11-23 22:25:36  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
(show/hide 3 older log entries)

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jmdict 2868159 Active (id: 2352680)
細客
ほそきゃく
1. [n] [sl]
▶ frugal customer
▶ poor spender



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 11:05:08  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://dic.pixiv.net/a/細客
https://niau.jp/blogs/5504/
太客	932
細客	258
  Diff:
@@ -13,0 +14 @@
+<gloss>poor spender</gloss>
1. A* 2025-11-23 10:51:40 
  Refs:
https://www.tainew.com/contents/chapter/yougosyuu/hosokyaku/
  Comments:
Saw this used as the opposite of 太客

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jmdict 2868160 Active (id: 2352712)
刻器
こっき
1. [n] {archeology}
▶ burin
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 2868152 彫器 1. burin



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 20:09:33  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 14:52:42  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijr, koj, RP

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jmdict 2868161 Active (id: 2352750)
様あ見やがれ
ざまあみやがれ
1. [exp] [uk]
▶ serves you right!
▶ see what happens!
Cross references:
  ⇒ see: 1005410 様を見ろ 1. serves you right!; see what happens!



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 22:28:24  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 14:58:56  Joe Murray
  Refs:
ざまあみやがれ	2365	100.0%
様あ見やがれ	0	0.0%

daijs, wiktionary

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ざまあみやがれ
https://kotobank.jp/word/様あ見やがれ-1714652

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jmdict 2868162 Active (id: 2352716)

リブランディング
1. [n]
▶ rebranding



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 20:11:17  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 19:25:05  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
daijs
https://prtimes.jp/magazine/rebranding/
https://www.kokuyo-furniture.co.jp/contents/dic-rebranding.html

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jmdict 2868163 Active (id: 2352748)
挽き割る
ひきわる
1. [v5r,vt]
▶ to saw

Conjugations


History:
2. A 2025-11-23 22:26:12  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 20:19:53  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, daij, koj

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jmdict 2868164 Active (id: 2352736)
碾き割る
ひきわる
1. [v5r,vt]
▶ to grind

Conjugations


History:
2. A 2025-11-23 22:21:16  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 20:20:58  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
gg5, daij, koj

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jmdict 2868165 Active (id: 2352739)

ポリテクニック
1. [n]
▶ polytechnic



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 22:22:12  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-23 20:59:35  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
eij, RP
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ポリテクニック
https://kotobank.jp/word/ぽりてくにつく-1140234#w-1140234
ポリテクニック	3,872

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jmdict 2868166 Active (id: 2352836)

エマージングウイルスエマージング・ウイルスエマージングウィルス [sk]
1. [n]
▶ emerging virus
▶ emergent virus



History:
3. A 2025-11-25 01:02:49  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergent_virus
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/emergent-virus
  Diff:
@@ -16,0 +17 @@
+<gloss>emergent virus</gloss>
2. A 2025-11-24 10:41:39  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
GG5, 医学英和辞典
1. A* 2025-11-23 21:51:51 
  Refs:
https://kotobank.jp/word/えまーじんぐういるす-3145410

エマージングウイルス	1510	88.1%
エマージング・ウイルス	116	6.8%
エマージングウィルス	87	5.1%
エマージング・ウィルス	0	0.0%

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jmnedict 5553316 Active (id: 2352766)
渋谷ファッション&アート専門学校
しぶやファッションアンドアートせんもんがっこう [spec1]
1. [organization]
▶ Shibuya Fashion and Art College



History:
4. A 2025-11-24 01:26:45  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
I've added the former version back.
  Diff:
@@ -8,0 +9 @@
+<re_pri>spec1</re_pri>
3. A* 2025-11-23 22:46:16  Kim Ahlström <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://www.shibuya-and.tokyo/outline/
https://www.nicjp.niad.ac.jp/en/institute/senmon1412.html
  Comments:
I originally came to correct ひがしきょう to とうきょう, but it turns out the school has completely changed their name.
  Diff:
@@ -5 +5 @@
-<keb>東京田中千代服飾専門学校</keb>
+<keb>渋谷ファッション&アート専門学校</keb>
@@ -8,2 +8 @@
-<reb>ひがしきょうでんなかちよふくしょくせんもんがっこう</reb>
-<re_pri>spec1</re_pri>
+<reb>しぶやファッションアンドアートせんもんがっこう</reb>
@@ -13 +12 @@
-<gloss>Chiyo Tanaka College of Fashion Arts, Tokyo</gloss>
+<gloss>Shibuya Fashion and Art College</gloss>
2. A 2023-05-06 06:08:03  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Adding spec1
-*- via bulkupd.py -*-
  Diff:
@@ -8,0 +9 @@
+<re_pri>spec1</re_pri>
1. A 2020-11-04 23:16:46  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
  Comments:
Educ. inst. correction
-*- via bulkupd.py -*-
  Diff:
@@ -11 +11 @@
-<misc>&place;</misc>
+<misc>&organization;</misc>

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jmnedict 5747458 Active (id: 2352641)
横浜国大
よこはまこくだい [spec1]
1. [organization]
▶ Yokohama National University (abbr)



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 05:27:59  Jim Breen <...address hidden...>
1. A* 2025-11-21 20:22:16  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/横浜国立大学
>> 略称は横浜国大(よこはまこくだい)
横浜国大	19,197

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jmnedict 5747459 Active (id: 2352704)
風媒社
ふうばいしゃ
1. [company]
▶ Fubaisha (publisher)



History:
2. A 2025-11-23 17:47:24  Robin Scott <...address hidden...>
  Refs:
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/風媒社
>> 英文名称  Fubaisha, Inc.
  Diff:
@@ -12 +12 @@
-<gloss>Fūbaisha (publisher)</gloss>
+<gloss>Fubaisha (publisher)</gloss>
1. A* 2025-11-23 16:56:43  Sombrero1
  Refs:
http://www.fubaisha.com/

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