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| 1. |
[exp]
[uk]
▶ like ▶ as
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| 2. |
[exp]
[uk]
▶ so that ▶ in order that ▶ so as to ▶ in order to |
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| 3. |
[exp]
[uk]
《at sentence end》 ▶ be sure to |
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| 4. |
[exp]
[uk]
《at sentence end after the -masu form of a verb》 ▶ I hope (that) ▶ I pray (that) ▶ may |
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| 6. | A 2024-06-29 14:00:17 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 5. | A* 2024-06-29 13:25:06 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | prog, daijr |
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| Comments: | More senses. |
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| Diff: | @@ -15,3 +15,2 @@ -<gloss>in order to (e.g. meet goal)</gloss> -<gloss>so that</gloss> -<gloss>take care (so as)</gloss> +<gloss>like</gloss> +<gloss>as</gloss> @@ -22 +21,18 @@ -<gloss>hoping or wishing for something</gloss> +<gloss>so that</gloss> +<gloss>in order that</gloss> +<gloss>so as to</gloss> +<gloss>in order to</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&exp;</pos> +<misc>&uk;</misc> +<s_inf>at sentence end</s_inf> +<gloss>be sure to</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&exp;</pos> +<misc>&uk;</misc> +<s_inf>at sentence end after the -masu form of a verb</s_inf> +<gloss>I hope (that)</gloss> +<gloss>I pray (that)</gloss> +<gloss>may</gloss> |
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| 4. | A 2016-11-09 01:25:56 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 3. | A* 2016-11-08 16:09:37 Johan Råde <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -5,0 +6 @@ +<ke_pri>spec1</ke_pri> |
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| 2. | A 2012-02-22 04:31:00 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daij |
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| (show/hide 1 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
Source lang:
ger "Impotenz"
▶ (sexual) impotence
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| 2. | A 2024-06-30 05:03:19 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 14:55:32 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | インポテンス 6,314 インポテンツ 36,836 |
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| Diff: | @@ -5 +5 @@ -<reb>インポテンス</reb> +<reb>インポテンツ</reb> @@ -8 +8 @@ -<reb>インポテンツ</reb> +<reb>インポテンス</reb> @@ -13 +13 @@ -<gloss>impotence</gloss> +<gloss>(sexual) impotence</gloss> |
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| 1. |
[adj-na]
▶ smooth (i.e. without problems) |
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| 3. | A 2024-06-29 21:39:36 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -14 +14 @@ -<gloss>(going) smooth</gloss> +<gloss>smooth (i.e. without problems)</gloss> |
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| 2. | A* 2024-06-29 16:55:13 | |
| Refs: | daijisen |
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| Diff: | @@ -14 +14 @@ -<gloss>smooth</gloss> +<gloss>(going) smooth</gloss> |
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| 1. | A 2017-10-23 19:53:57 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daij |
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| Diff: | @@ -14 +13,0 @@ -<pos>&n;</pos> |
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| 1. |
[n]
{music}
Source lang:
eng "choking"
▶ bending (a guitar string) |
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| 5. | A 2024-06-30 05:04:02 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 4. | A* 2024-06-29 22:45:30 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daijs |
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| Comments: | Splitting on source word. I think there's only one sense here. |
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| Diff: | @@ -10,8 +10,2 @@ -<gloss>choking</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> -<gloss>chalking</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> +<field>&music;</field> +<lsource xml:lang="eng">choking</lsource> |
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| 3. | A 2011-02-17 07:52:51 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...> | |
| 2. | A* 2011-02-17 01:54:47 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | KOD追加語彙, WikiP |
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| Diff: | @@ -11,0 +11,7 @@ +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<gloss>chalking</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> |
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| 1. | A* 2011-02-16 23:53:18 Trevor <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | けいおん! |
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| Diff: | @@ -11,0 +11,1 @@ +<gloss>bending (a guitar string)</gloss> |
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| 1. |
[n]
{sports}
▶ traveling (in basketball) ▶ travelling |
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| 2. |
[n]
▶ traveling (from one place to another) |
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| 9. | A 2024-07-06 07:01:31 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Reverso |
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| Comments: | It's in the Wikipedia disambiguation page too. May as well stay. |
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| 8. | A* 2024-07-06 00:46:15 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I don't think it's needed. I'm not sure the second sense is needed either. Daijs is the only kokugo that has it, and daijs tends to include a sense for the original/basic English meaning of 外来語 regardless of whether or not it's actually used in Japanese. |
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| Diff: | @@ -13,2 +13,3 @@ -<gloss>traveling (basketball rule)</gloss> -<gloss>traveling</gloss> +<field>&sports;</field> +<gloss>traveling (in basketball)</gloss> +<gloss>travelling</gloss> @@ -18,8 +19 @@ -<gloss>travelling</gloss> -<gloss>traveling</gloss> -<gloss>taking a medium-to-long trip</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> -<misc>&rare;</misc> -<gloss>swapping to another loaded gun in a gunfight</gloss> +<gloss>traveling (from one place to another)</gloss> |
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| 7. | A 2024-07-05 01:33:45 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I can't find it apart from the Wiki page mention. I'll flag it as rare, but perhaps it's not needed. |
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| Diff: | @@ -12,0 +13,5 @@ +<gloss>traveling (basketball rule)</gloss> +<gloss>traveling</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> @@ -19,5 +24 @@ -<gloss>traveling (basketball rule)</gloss> -<gloss>traveling</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> +<misc>&rare;</misc> |
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| 6. | A* 2024-07-04 05:57:21 Syed Raza <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | The kokugos all focus on the basketball usage, so I would put that first. Still not a fan of the third sense. I at least wasn't able to find any web usage of it. |
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| 5. | A* 2024-07-03 07:48:18 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | トラベリング 12690 96.1% トラヴェリング 511 3.9% https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/トラベリング |
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| Comments: | Maybe this? |
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| Diff: | @@ -6,0 +7,4 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>トラヴェリング</reb> +<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf> +</r_ele> @@ -9 +13,7 @@ -<gloss>travelling (basketball rule)</gloss> +<gloss>travelling</gloss> +<gloss>traveling</gloss> +<gloss>taking a medium-to-long trip</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<gloss>traveling (basketball rule)</gloss> @@ -14,4 +24 @@ -<gloss>swappable</gloss> -<gloss>hot-swappable</gloss> -<gloss>pluggable</gloss> -<gloss>plug-in replacement</gloss> +<gloss>swapping to another loaded gun in a gunfight</gloss> |
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| (show/hide 4 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
{music}
▶ fingering
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| 2. | A 2024-06-30 05:03:35 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 22:51:08 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daijs , jawiki フィンガリング 14,023 運指 71,078 |
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| Diff: | @@ -8,0 +9,2 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="1667340">運指</xref> +<field>&music;</field> |
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| 1. |
[adj-na]
▶ rough |
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| 2. |
[adj-na]
▶ casual (clothing) |
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| 3. |
[n]
{golf}
▶ rough |
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| 4. |
[n]
▶ rough (sketch) ▶ draft |
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| 8. | A 2024-06-30 05:08:58 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 7. | A* 2024-06-29 21:35:11 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | gg5, meikyo |
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| Comments: | Meikyo doesn't say that sense 4 is an abbreviation. (The other kokugos don't have it at all.) |
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| Diff: | @@ -18 +18,2 @@ -<gloss>rough (of a golf course)</gloss> +<field>&golf;</field> +<gloss>rough</gloss> @@ -22,4 +23,2 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="1139510">ラフスケッチ</xref> -<misc>&abbr;</misc> -<gloss>rough sketch</gloss> -<gloss>rough draft</gloss> +<gloss>rough (sketch)</gloss> +<gloss>draft</gloss> |
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| 6. | A 2020-04-02 00:37:28 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Splitting off "ruff" (different source). |
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| Diff: | @@ -22,0 +23 @@ +<misc>&abbr;</misc> @@ -26,4 +26,0 @@ -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> -<gloss>ruff</gloss> -</sense> |
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| 5. | A* 2020-04-01 15:13:14 Guillem Palau-Salvà | |
| Comments: | is abbr? |
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| Diff: | @@ -21,0 +22 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="1139510">ラフスケッチ</xref> |
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| 4. | A 2017-11-23 05:02:33 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| (show/hide 3 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
▶ retainer ▶ vassal ▶ follower |
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| 5. | A 2024-07-01 00:30:14 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 4. | A* 2024-06-30 23:16:59 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | gg5, prog, luminous |
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| Diff: | @@ -27,2 +27,2 @@ -<gloss>retinue</gloss> -<gloss>servant</gloss> +<gloss>vassal</gloss> +<gloss>follower</gloss> |
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| 3. | A 2024-06-29 11:46:33 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Daijr/s, koj, kanjipedia, meikyo mention all three forms. Smk and sankoku mention 家礼. |
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| Diff: | @@ -12 +12 @@ -<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> +<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf> @@ -16 +16 @@ -<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> +<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf> |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-29 08:46:50 Syed Raza <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | meikyo |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 06:50:35 GM | |
| Refs: | 家来 161,016 93.6% 家礼 3,471 2.0% 家頼 419 0.2% けらい 7,054 4.1% デジタル大辞泉 |
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| Comments: | not used anymore |
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| Diff: | @@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> @@ -14,0 +16 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> |
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| 1. |
[aux-v]
[uk]
《continuative form of ごとし》 ▶ like ▶ as
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| 4. | A 2024-06-29 13:59:28 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 3. | A* 2024-06-29 10:44:05 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daijr |
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| Diff: | @@ -11 +11 @@ -<pos>&adv;</pos> +<pos>&aux-v;</pos> @@ -13,0 +14 @@ +<s_inf>continuative form of ごとし</s_inf> @@ -15,2 +16 @@ -<gloss>as if</gloss> -<gloss>the same as</gloss> +<gloss>as</gloss> |
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| 2. | A 2013-01-31 11:24:18 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Narrowly. |
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| 1. | A* 2013-01-31 11:07:23 | |
| Diff: | @@ -13,0 +13,1 @@ +<misc>&uk;</misc> |
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| 1. |
[n]
《usu. as ...を皮切りに》 ▶ beginning ▶ start |
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| 8. | A 2024-06-30 23:19:14 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | を皮切り 279,001 |
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| Diff: | @@ -16 +16 @@ -<s_inf>usu. as 〜に</s_inf> +<s_inf>usu. as ...を皮切りに</s_inf> |
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| 7. | A* 2024-06-29 04:48:39 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | 皮切り 298366 皮切りに 279464 GG5, etc. |
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| Diff: | @@ -15,0 +16 @@ +<s_inf>usu. as 〜に</s_inf> |
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| 6. | A 2018-12-07 20:50:25 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Agreed. |
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| 5. | A* 2018-12-06 03:34:28 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | https://japanese.stackexchange.com/questions/62867/why-皮切り-is-labelled-as-a-sensitive-word-in-the-dictionary |
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| Diff: | @@ -16 +15,0 @@ -<misc>&sens;</misc> |
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| 4. | A 2012-12-10 07:19:37 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I'd rather err on the side of caution. |
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| (show/hide 3 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n,vs,vi]
▶ enema
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| 11. | A 2024-07-27 03:26:40 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | 浣腸 156056 88.6% 灌腸 264 0.1% 潅腸 153 0.1% かん腸 679 0.4% かんちょう 14772 8.4% カンチョウ 4129 2.3% |
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| Comments: | From the 2862006 submission. |
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| Diff: | @@ -9,0 +10,4 @@ +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>かん腸</keb> +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> |
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| 10. | A 2024-06-29 04:33:30 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 9. | A* 2024-06-29 00:47:22 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Makes sense to have an x-ref on カンチョー pointing here but I don't think we need one in the other direction. I think the gloss is fine without "(giving an)". |
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| Diff: | @@ -20 +20 @@ -<re_nokanji/> +<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf> @@ -26,2 +26 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2826089">カンチョー</xref> -<gloss>(giving an) enema</gloss> +<gloss>enema</gloss> |
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| 8. | A 2024-06-28 03:23:13 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Google N-gram Corpus Counts ╭─ーーーーー─┬─────────╮ │ 浣腸 │ 156,056 │ │ 潅腸 │ 153 │ - sK (rare itaiji) │ 灌腸 │ 264 │ - rK (recorded in most kokugos) │ かんちょう │ 14,772 │ │ カンチョウ │ 4,129 │ ╰─ーーーーー─┴─────────╯ |
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| Diff: | @@ -8 +8,2 @@ -<keb>潅腸</keb> +<keb>灌腸</keb> +<ke_inf>&rK;</ke_inf> @@ -11 +12,2 @@ -<keb>灌腸</keb> +<keb>潅腸</keb> +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> |
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| 7. | A 2021-11-18 00:35:02 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Meikyo vt and vi additions to n,vs entries -*- via bulkupd.py -*- |
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| Diff: | @@ -22,0 +23 @@ +<pos>&vi;</pos> |
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| (show/hide 6 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
▶ buttocks |
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| 4. | A 2024-06-30 05:04:44 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 3. | A* 2024-06-29 22:57:51 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I don't think we need an adj-no sense. |
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| Diff: | @@ -21,5 +20,0 @@ -<sense> -<pos>&adj-no;</pos> -<gloss>gluteal</gloss> -<gloss>rear</gloss> -</sense> |
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| 2. | A 2023-01-14 22:30:08 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2023-01-14 22:02:44 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daijs: 医療関係では「殿部」と書く。 Google N-gram Corpus Counts ╭─ーーー─┬────────┬───────╮ │ 臀部 │ 68,413 │ 86.9% │ │ 殿部 │ 4,776 │ 6.1% │ - adding (daijs) │ でん部 │ 5,517 │ 7.0% │ - adding │ でんぶ │ 27,421 │ N/A │ ╰─ーーー─┴────────┴───────╯ |
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| Diff: | @@ -5,0 +6,7 @@ +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>殿部</keb> +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>でん部</keb> +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> |
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| 1. |
[aux-v]
[uk]
《attributive form of ごとし》 ▶ like ▶ similar to
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| 2. |
[aux-v]
[uk]
《as ...のごときは》 ▶ something like ... ▶ someone like ... |
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| 4. | A 2024-06-29 13:58:52 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 3. | A* 2024-06-29 11:12:32 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daijr, smk |
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| Diff: | @@ -11,2 +11 @@ -<pos>&n;</pos> -<pos>&suf;</pos> +<pos>&aux-v;</pos> @@ -14 +12,0 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="1010030">の様に・のように・1</xref> @@ -15,0 +14 @@ +<s_inf>attributive form of ごとし</s_inf> @@ -17,2 +16,8 @@ -<gloss>as if</gloss> -<gloss>the same as</gloss> +<gloss>similar to</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&aux-v;</pos> +<misc>&uk;</misc> +<s_inf>as ...のごときは</s_inf> +<gloss>something like ...</gloss> +<gloss>someone like ...</gloss> |
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| 2. | A 2017-10-09 23:47:05 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Not sure that's appropriate, but I'll add an xref to のように. |
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| Diff: | @@ -13,0 +14 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="1010030">の様に・のように・1</xref> |
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| 1. | A* 2017-09-13 04:53:30 | |
| Comments: | Hello. This word confused me, until I heard that it is equivalent to "no you na". Is it possible to add a note saying so to the entry? |
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| 1. |
[n]
Source lang:
eng(wasei) "rear car"
▶ light two-wheeled trailer (towed by bicycle, pulled by hand, etc.) |
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| 6. | A 2024-06-30 06:00:11 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I think this is sufficient. |
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| Diff: | @@ -19,3 +19 @@ -<gloss g_type="expl">two-wheeled trailer, usually with metal pipe frame, towed by bicycle, pulled by hand, etc.</gloss> -<gloss>bicycle trailer</gloss> -<gloss>hand cart</gloss> +<gloss>light two-wheeled trailer (towed by bicycle, pulled by hand, etc.)</gloss> |
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| 5. | A* 2024-06-29 14:17:39 Peter Maydell <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | GG5; meikyou; daijirin; daijisen; Wikipedia |
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| Comments: | Meikyou and Daijirin both specify a two wheeled trailer made from metal pipe, but are more general about how it is pulled. The old definition to me doesn't really make clear that these can be hand pulled, so I have attempted to provide an expanded definition plus some likely glosses for specific situations. |
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| Diff: | @@ -19 +19,3 @@ -<gloss>trailer towed by bicycle, etc.</gloss> +<gloss g_type="expl">two-wheeled trailer, usually with metal pipe frame, towed by bicycle, pulled by hand, etc.</gloss> +<gloss>bicycle trailer</gloss> +<gloss>hand cart</gloss> |
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| 4. | A 2013-10-27 22:18:44 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 3. | A* 2013-10-27 08:15:01 Paul Upchurch <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daijs, 研究社 新和英中辞典 |
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| Diff: | @@ -8,0 +8,3 @@ +<reb>リアカー</reb> +</r_ele> +<r_ele> @@ -9,0 +12,3 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>リア・カー</reb> |
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| 2. | A 2013-05-11 11:50:59 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update.Added additional dotted reading(s) via batch update. -*- via bulkupd.py -*- |
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| Diff: | @@ -6,0 +6,3 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>リヤ・カー</reb> |
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| (show/hide 1 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
{medicine}
▶ erectile dysfunction ▶ ED
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| 1. | A 2024-06-29 14:10:28 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | gg5 勃起障害 27,909 勃起不全 79,602 |
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| Diff: | @@ -11,0 +12,2 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="2517500">勃起不全</xref> +<field>&med;</field> |
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| 1. |
[n]
[hist]
▶ Strategic Arms Limitation Talks ▶ SALT |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-29 04:37:48 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-28 23:41:42 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Splitting on lsrc. |
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| Diff: | @@ -3,0 +4,3 @@ +<k_ele> +<keb>SALT</keb> +</k_ele> @@ -8,0 +12 @@ +<misc>&hist;</misc> @@ -12,4 +15,0 @@ -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> -<gloss>salt</gloss> -</sense> |
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| 1. |
[adj-na,n]
▶ bitter (taste) |
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| 2. |
[n]
▶ bitter (type of beer) |
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| 4. | A 2024-06-29 04:31:40 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 3. | A* 2024-06-28 22:34:39 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I think "bitter" is better described as a taste than a flavour. |
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| Diff: | @@ -10 +10 @@ -<gloss>bitter (flavor)</gloss> +<gloss>bitter (taste)</gloss> |
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| 2. | A 2019-05-01 15:33:25 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daijs |
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| Diff: | @@ -8,0 +9 @@ +<pos>&n;</pos> |
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| 1. | A 2007-08-15 00:00:00 | |
| Comments: | Entry created |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ vent |
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| 3. | A 2024-06-30 05:08:19 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 2. | A* 2024-06-29 22:05:19 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Splitting on source word. Sense 3 is surely a misspelling of ベンド. |
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| Diff: | @@ -11,8 +10,0 @@ -<sense> -<pos>&adj-f;</pos> -<gloss>bent</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> -<gloss>"finger bending" guitar technique</gloss> -</sense> |
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| 1. | A 2008-02-28 00:00:00 | |
| Comments: | Entry created |
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| 1. |
[n]
{computing}
▶ Nashville |
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| 3. | D 2024-06-29 01:31:25 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| 2. | D* 2024-06-29 01:04:18 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Nashville |
|
| Comments: | Couldn't find anything except this codename for an unreleased version of Windows. |
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| 1. | A 2008-05-24 00:00:00 | |
| Comments: | Entry created |
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| 1. |
[n]
{medicine}
▶ erectile dysfunction ▶ ED
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| 4. | A 2024-06-29 14:10:48 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -13,0 +14 @@ +<gloss>ED</gloss> |
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| 3. | A 2024-05-05 23:43:08 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 2. | A* 2024-05-05 22:54:04 | |
| Diff: | @@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<field>&med;</field> |
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| 1. | A 2009-08-24 00:00:00 | |
| Comments: | Entry created |
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| 1. |
[aux-v]
[arch]
《all senses: after が, の, or the attributive form of a verb》 ▶ like... ▶ similar to...
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| 2. |
[aux-v,cop]
[arch]
《at sentence end》 ▶ is like... ▶ is similar to... |
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| 13. | A 2025-08-13 21:07:59 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I'm OK with leaving it like this. It's very marginal as an entry. |
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| 12. | A* 2025-08-13 17:46:46 Sombrero1 | |
| Comments: | Yea, I guess we could technically use the [cop] tag . Re: Wording It wasn't really the use of "copula" for me, I just thought it sounded odd the way it was previously. But having the tag works too in my eyes I was going to propose changing the xref on sense 1 to refer to 如く instead, but I remembered that it was a bit special for 如し. Nikkoku confirms that 連体形、連用形 and 終止形 were all used as 連用修飾語 I don't think there's much more left to add, is there? |
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| Diff: | @@ -22 +22 @@ -<s_inf>at sentence end; acts as copula by itself</s_inf> +<s_inf>at sentence end</s_inf> |
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| 11. | A* 2025-08-09 20:12:23 Non | |
| Comments: | So, I changed the tag over [1] from [poet] to [arch] in the actual edit, but forgot to do so for the [1] in my suggestion under my comment. I confess, your excellence; I copy and pasted the [1] in my suggestion from the pre-edit entry, take me away. Incidentally, about [arch] over [poet]: since thanks to your references it seems clear beyond doubt that this was only used in ye olden times, it is probably best to leave it as [arch] since there is a group of archaic words that are still occasionally used in poetry - なり、ず、ざる、し、たり、etc. The wording on [2], I do not think matters much - if someone does not know what a copula is, it is moot either way; and I am not sure how likely it is that such a person will know and/or remember what exactly is a predicate, so that might not fare much better either. Maybe just settle for the [cop] tag... and speaking of which, I have just added it since we are proceeding with aux-v. (Regarding "corpi"; I said "ellision" instead of "ellipsis" even though I had correctly named it just two lines earlier) |
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| Diff: | @@ -13 +13 @@ -<misc>&poet;</misc> +<misc>&arch;</misc> @@ -19,0 +20 @@ +<pos>&cop;</pos> |
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| 10. | A* 2025-08-09 18:27:15 Sombrero1 | |
| Refs: | Frellesvig, Bjarke, Stephen Wright Horn et al. (eds.) 2023. Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese. Available at: http://oncoj.ninjal.ac.jp/ In the ONCOJ, ごと is classified as follows: "goto (adjective; non-inflecting) 007004a (frequency 90) be like" These are all hits for this ごと the ONCOJ (If you are required to enter a password, see this page: https://oncoj.ninjal.ac.jp/index.html) https://oncoj.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/oncoj_tgrep2.sh?search=/007004a/ ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー 角川古語大辞典 tags 名詞, but that either does not account for sentence final usage, or supposes copula ellision. Note that none of their examples have ごと in sentence-final position. 旺文社古語辞典 第五版 performs the split you have proposed, but sadly does not give a PoS: 1.(連用修飾語となって)...ように 2.(述語となって)...ようだ 大修館 全訳古語辞典 gives 助動詞, and has only one sense: 1.〔助動〕比況(たとえ)~のとうに。~のようだ。 Weblio古語辞典: 1. …のように。…のよう。▽連用形「ごとく」と同じ用法。 2. …のようだ。▽終止形「ごとし」と同じ用法。 Nikkoku: (助動詞「ごとし」の語幹。本来、「同じ」の意を表わす「こと」の濁音化したもので、体言的性格をもつ)ごとく。ように。同じく。 Does not mention copular usage at all in the entry. But funnily enough they do in a note in the ごとし entry: (2)語幹「ごと」は連用修飾格や述語格などに用いられた。 |
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| Comments: | As expected, the modern corpora I have access to return 0 results for this ごと.
> Anyway, if this is copula ellision then I am in full agreement with Sombrero and this thing is functionally a 形式名詞; but much like よう, it is not exclusively adverbial.
Otherwise, if it never took なり then it is functionally a copular itself and the [aux-v] tag is arguably justified, or at least Daijirin and Wiktionary think so.
> From what I could gather, there existed (as a lexicalized form) only ごとくなり (cf. Haruo Shirane - Classical Japanese - A Grammar, p. 136), but not ごとなり.
Furthermore, not a single one of the examles in the ONCOJ show ごと being followed by なり, or any copular for that matter, so I believe it is rather unlikely to be copula ellision.
Hence you are most likely right in your second argument, and I just went a full circle.
I fear Frellesvig's classification of "adjective" doesn't help us too much, since he rarely uses 国語 terminology and classification when it comes to grammar.
As that "kind" of adjective really has no corresponding PoS marker in 国語文法 or JMdict for that matter.
> Also retagging from [poet] to [arch] - while I myself have heard 如し and 如く in poetry several times, when it is ごと all I think is "maybe once or twice?"
but even then I might be thinking of some snippet from Old Japanese;
I tried looking for an example for a while but came up with nothing, feel free to change this back if you find or know of one.
> I assume some references tag [poet] because most usage examples (at least in Old Japanese) are from the 万葉集.
Though there are also examples from the heian and early kamakura period in references.
Nevertheless, it is of course archaic as well, my non-古語 references are split between [poet] and [arch] (of those who give a tag).
I do not know of any poems using ごと, as I have not really gotten to the point where I delve into such. Though I certainly wish to do so one day.
Interestingly it seems like 連用修飾語 usage was (somewhat/far) more common than 述語 usage, already in Old Japanese (only 7/90 usages in the ONCOJ are sentence final).
The majority of my (non-kogo) references describe and attest only the "のように" meaning.
Another notable, but not relevant bit of information is the fact that ごとし was far less common (according to ONCOJ) in Old Japanese, than ごと by itself (52 - 90).
And according to nikkoku, ごと was already present in the kojiki, while ごとし was not. I like to imagine that it went こと > ごと > ごとし, but that is just unfounded speculation on my part.
As for the note on sense 2, I find "forms copular sentence" to be a bit difficult to grasp. Perhaps what I proposed works better? Or maybe "forms predicate by itself"?
I applied a slightly modified version, with the changed PoS tags, of your proposed version. Please check whether it is fine this way.
(In writing this I noticed that I pluralized "corpus" wrong up until now...) |
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| Diff: | @@ -11,2 +11 @@ -<pos>&n;</pos> -<pos>&n-suf;</pos> +<pos>&aux-v;</pos> @@ -13,0 +13,7 @@ +<misc>&poet;</misc> +<s_inf>all senses: after が, の, or the attributive form of a verb</s_inf> +<gloss>like...</gloss> +<gloss>similar to...</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&aux-v;</pos> @@ -15,3 +21,3 @@ -<s_inf>after が, の, or the attributive form of a verb</s_inf> -<gloss>like</gloss> -<gloss>similar to</gloss> +<s_inf>at sentence end; acts as copula by itself</s_inf> +<gloss>is like...</gloss> +<gloss>is similar to...</gloss> |
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| 9. | A* 2025-08-08 22:08:26 Non | |
| Refs: | The 助動詞 tag given by Daijirin is probably because of this: 「② …のようだ。「ごとし」の終止形にあたる。『逢 (あ) ふことは玉の緒ばかり名の立つは吉野の川のたぎつ瀬の―』〈古今・恋三〉」 Ironically, there is no such sense in Daijirin and I pulled this from Daijisen. Meikyou: 「〚文語助動詞「ごとし」の語幹〛…のようだ、…のように、の意を表す。」 Weblio: 「② のようだ。▽終止形「ごとし」と同じ用法。」. Japanese Wiktionary has its entry for 如 as a 助動詞 with the paradigm of ○|ごと|ごと|○|○|○ https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/ごと#助動詞 |
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| Comments: | Well, the entry is missing the copulaless copular usage mentioned in some dictionaries. That said, the dropping of the copula can happen with just about any nominal and was rather common in Old Japanese compared to modern day - you could go on for noticeably longer without seeing なり than you can without seeing だ. Perhaps the dictionaries that say nothing of that usage did not consider it to be a property of 如 but rather just your average copula ellipsis (but do not take my word for it on this last statement, confirming or denying this would require scouring for instances of ごと followed by なり in Old Japanese - or lack thereof - which I have not done). Anyway, if this is copula ellision then I am in full agreement with Sombrero and this thing is functionally a 形式名詞; but much like よう, it is not exclusively adverbial. Otherwise, if it never took なり then it is functionally a copular itself and the [aux-v] tag is arguably justified, or at least Daijirin and Wiktionary think so. I leave this rough suggestion below in case we decide to include the copular sense. [1][n,n-suf][poet] [note="all senses: after が, の, or the attributive form of a verb"] like...; similar to... [see=1466930・如し[1]] [2][n,n-suf][arch] [note="at sentence end; forms copular sentence"] is like...; is similar to... Also retagging from [poet] to [arch] - while I myself have heard 如し and 如く in poetry several times, when it is ごと all I think is "maybe once or twice?" but even then I might be thinking of some snippet from Old Japanese; I tried looking for an example for a while but came up with nothing, feel free to change this back if you find or know of one. Lastly, reminder to alter the part-of-speech tags accordingly, depending on whether we decide to go with it being a nominal or an auxiliary verb. |
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| Diff: | @@ -14 +14 @@ -<misc>&poet;</misc> +<misc>&arch;</misc> |
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| (show/hide 8 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
▶ dosimetry |
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| 3. | A 2024-06-29 14:48:28 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -12 +11,0 @@ -<pos>&adj-no;</pos> |
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| 2. | A 2013-01-30 23:34:57 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2013-01-30 07:19:17 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | eij, gg5, ls |
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| 1. |
[n]
{medicine}
▶ erectile dysfunction
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| 2. |
[n]
▶ effective dose |
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| 3. |
[n]
▶ elemental diet |
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| 4. |
[n]
《oft. read エンディング》 ▶ ending theme ▶ end title sequence
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| 6. | A 2024-06-30 05:02:11 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 5. | A* 2024-06-29 21:23:14 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daij, koj https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ED#Japanese https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/主題歌#概要 オープニングで使われる曲をオープニングテーマ(英: opening theme)、エンディングで使われる曲をエンディングテーマ(英: ending theme / closing theme)といい、日本ではオープニングテーマをOP、エンディングテーマをEDと略されることがある |
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| Diff: | @@ -15,0 +16 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="2517500">勃起不全</xref> @@ -17,0 +19,16 @@ +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<gloss>effective dose</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<gloss>elemental diet</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<xref type="see" seq="1031150">エンディング</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2833798">OP・1</xref> +<s_inf>oft. read エンディング</s_inf> +<gloss>ending theme</gloss> +<gloss>end title sequence</gloss> |
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| 4. | A 2023-03-16 05:13:41 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Reformat initialsms -*- via bulkupd.py -*- |
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| Diff: | @@ -7,0 +8,3 @@ +<reb>イー・ディー</reb> +</r_ele> +<r_ele> @@ -8,0 +12 @@ +<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf> |
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| 3. | A 2019-07-03 07:35:07 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Normally we don't |
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| Diff: | @@ -10,3 +9,0 @@ -<r_ele> -<reb>イー・ディー</reb> -</r_ele> |
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| 2. | A 2017-11-20 04:35:04 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...> | |
| (show/hide 1 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
▶ enema (solution) |
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| 3. | A 2024-06-29 11:15:35 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -12 +11,0 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="1568700">浣腸</xref> |
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| 2. | A 2019-09-06 20:21:19 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | 中辞典 |
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| Diff: | @@ -12 +12,2 @@ -<gloss>enema solution</gloss> +<xref type="see" seq="1568700">浣腸</xref> +<gloss>enema (solution)</gloss> |
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| 1. | A* 2019-09-06 17:45:14 | |
| Refs: | https://www.natural-pharmacy.jp/jp/static/sp/kancyou.html at bottom |
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| 1. |
[n]
[sens,derog]
▶ disabled person ▶ [lit] certificate holder
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| 7. | A 2024-06-30 07:48:44 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 6. | A* 2024-06-29 20:47:02 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | How's this? |
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| Diff: | @@ -12 +12 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="1598330">手帳・2</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2530640">身体障害者手帳</xref> @@ -15 +15 @@ -<gloss>holder of a disability certificate</gloss> +<gloss>disabled person</gloss> |
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| 5. | A* 2024-06-29 19:43:52 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | This is not how we usually use [lit]. I don't really see how it's helpful. |
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| 4. | A 2024-06-29 14:04:23 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I couldn't pin it down. Fingers crossed. |
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| 3. | A* 2024-06-29 11:37:49 GM | |
| Comments: | I think it's only used in the context of a disability certificate I couldn't find it used in another context |
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| Diff: | @@ -13,4 +13 @@ -<gloss g_type="lit">certificate holder</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> +<misc>&sens;</misc> @@ -18,0 +16 @@ +<gloss g_type="lit">certificate holder</gloss> |
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| (show/hide 2 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[adv]
▶ as a start ▶ starting with ▶ at first |
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| 4. | D 2024-06-30 23:20:36 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | An amendment has been made to the 皮切り entry. |
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| 3. | D* 2024-06-29 07:12:30 GM | |
| Comments: | ok it had its own entry in 実用 and recorded audio in the NHK accent dictionary so I thought it deserved an entry here as well |
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| 2. | D* 2024-06-29 04:49:40 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | 皮切り 298366 皮切りに 279464 |
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| Comments: | I suggest adding a note to the 皮切り entry. |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-28 05:47:16 GM | |
| Refs: | 実用日本語表現辞典 |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ guitar stand |
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| 3. | A 2024-06-29 04:37:29 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | May as well have it. There are other xxスタンド entries which are like this. |
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| 2. | A* 2024-06-28 23:25:35 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Google N-gram Corpus Counts ╭─ーーーーーーーー─┬───────╮ │ ギタースタンド │ 8,834 │ │ ギター・スタンド │ 173 │ ╰─ーーーーーーーー─┴───────╯ |
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| Comments: | A+B. Needed? |
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| Diff: | @@ -4,3 +3,0 @@ -<k_ele> -<keb>ギタースタンド</keb> -</k_ele> @@ -8,0 +6,3 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>ギター・スタンド</reb> |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-28 20:23:24 James <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. |
[n]
▶ salt |
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| 2. |
[n]
▶ salt (in cryptography) |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-29 04:32:06 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-28 23:42:08 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ソルト_(暗号) https://e-words.jp/w/ソルト.html |
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| Comments: | Split from 2003230. Added sense. |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ plurality ▶ relative majority |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-29 14:07:09 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | More usual term. |
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| Diff: | @@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<gloss>plurality</gloss> @@ -13 +13,0 @@ -<gloss>plurality</gloss> |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 08:17:04 solo_han | |
| Refs: | https://www.weblio.jp/content/相対多数 |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ wraith |
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| 3. | A 2024-06-30 09:24:39 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | レイス 67621 |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-30 09:24:02 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Also a Rolls-Royce model. I see a couple of sites using it for レース. |
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| Diff: | @@ -9 +9 @@ -<gloss>wraith (undead monster)</gloss> +<gloss>wraith</gloss> |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 11:46:02 GM | |
| Refs: | https://dic.pixiv.net/a/レイス https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/レイス_(幽霊) |
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| 1. |
[n]
[abbr,net-sl]
▶ (male) virgin
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| 2. | A 2024-06-30 06:07:05 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I feel there should be more senses. |
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| Diff: | @@ -18 +18 @@ -<misc>&col;</misc> +<misc>&net-sl;</misc> |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 11:59:31 GM | |
| Refs: | https://www.weblio.jp/content/DT インターネット上、特にツイッターなどのSNSで見られる「DT」とは、「童貞(性交経験がない男性)」を意味する言葉である。 https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/DT 童貞を意味する俗語。 |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ defensive strength ▶ defensive ability |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-29 14:09:15 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | GG5 |
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| Diff: | @@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<gloss>defensive strength</gloss> |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 13:10:14 Kurt <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Nothing formal as such, just experience playing video games |
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| Comments: | 攻撃力 and 耐久力 already have entries but 防御力 doesn't and I feel like it should since those 3 are often a set for video game stats. |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ effective dose (radiation) |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-29 14:02:14 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 13:46:41 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | gg5, daijs, jawiki |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ (sexual) impotence |
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| 3. | A 2024-06-30 23:10:24 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -12 +12 @@ -<gloss>impotence</gloss> +<gloss>(sexual) impotence</gloss> |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-29 14:36:34 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 14:20:00 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | gg5, prog, RP G n-grams: 6,136 |
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| 1. |
[n]
{medicine}
▶ apareunia ▶ impotence |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-30 05:05:02 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 14:47:52 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | gg5, prog, RP, 医学大辞典 |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ company union |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-30 05:13:47 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | 会社組合 766 |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 15:02:20 alexlasto <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | 三省堂 スーパー大辞林; デジタル大辞泉; 広辞苑 第六版 |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ elemental diet (formula) |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-30 05:05:57 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 15:03:45 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | KOD追加語彙, jawiki |
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| 1. |
[n]
{medicine}
▶ enteral nutrition ▶ enteral feeding |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-30 05:06:18 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 15:09:21 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | KOD追加語彙 https://www.otsukakj.jp/healthcare/iv/en/ G n-grams: 19,190 |
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| 1. |
[n]
{medicine}
▶ parenteral nutrition |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-30 05:05:34 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 15:15:02 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | 医学大辞典 https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/高カロリー輸液 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition G n-grams: 14,349 |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ bentgrass ▶ bent
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| 2. | A 2024-06-30 05:06:39 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 22:01:30 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | gg5, daijr/s ベント芝 3,662 ベントグラス 2,590 |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ bent ▶ bentgrass
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| 2. | A 2024-06-30 05:07:54 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 22:05:45 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daijr/s |
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| Comments: | Split from 2258650. |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ chalking (of paint) |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-30 05:04:19 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-29 22:45:46 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Split from 1078230. |
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| 1. |
[place]
▶ Nashville |
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| 1. | A 2024-06-29 01:32:22 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Google N-gram Corpus Counts ╭─ーーーーーーー─┬────────┬───────╮ │ ナッシュビル │ 38,220 │ 84.5% │ │ ナッシュヴィル │ 7,021 │ 15.5% │ - add (gg5) ╰─ーーーーーーー─┴────────┴───────╯ |
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| Diff: | @@ -5,0 +6,3 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>ナッシュヴィル</reb> |
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