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| 1. |
[n]
▶ sweeper (device) |
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| 2. |
[n]
{sports}
▶ sweeper (in soccer) |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-27 04:48:00 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-26 23:46:08 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | gg5, daij スイーパー 29,582 87.7% スウィーパー 2,753 8.2% - daijr, jawiki スィーパー 1,381 4.1% |
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| Diff: | @@ -8,0 +9,3 @@ +<reb>スウィーパー</reb> +</r_ele> +<r_ele> @@ -9,0 +13 @@ +<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf> @@ -13 +17,6 @@ -<gloss>sweeper</gloss> +<gloss>sweeper (device)</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<field>&sports;</field> +<gloss>sweeper (in soccer)</gloss> |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ defense (esp. in sports) ▶ defence
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| 4. | A 2024-06-27 04:48:50 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 3. | A* 2024-06-26 23:52:31 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daij, meikyo, www images ディフェンス 671,347 98.3% デフェンス 11,952 1.7% |
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| Diff: | @@ -10 +10 @@ -<re_inf>&ik;</re_inf> +<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf> @@ -14 +14 @@ -<gloss>defense</gloss> +<gloss>defense (esp. in sports)</gloss> |
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| 2. | A 2014-02-08 19:21:15 Rene Malenfant <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2014-02-08 03:40:18 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Eijiro, Ngrams (11k) |
|
| Comments: | Not super-common. |
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| Diff: | @@ -6,0 +7,4 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>デフェンス</reb> +<re_inf>&ik;</re_inf> |
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| 1. |
[n]
{sports}
▶ traveling (in basketball) ▶ travelling |
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| 2. |
[n]
▶ traveling (from one place to another) |
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| 9. | A 2024-07-06 07:01:31 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Reverso |
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| Comments: | It's in the Wikipedia disambiguation page too. May as well stay. |
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| 8. | A* 2024-07-06 00:46:15 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I don't think it's needed. I'm not sure the second sense is needed either. Daijs is the only kokugo that has it, and daijs tends to include a sense for the original/basic English meaning of 外来語 regardless of whether or not it's actually used in Japanese. |
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| Diff: | @@ -13,2 +13,3 @@ -<gloss>traveling (basketball rule)</gloss> -<gloss>traveling</gloss> +<field>&sports;</field> +<gloss>traveling (in basketball)</gloss> +<gloss>travelling</gloss> @@ -18,8 +19 @@ -<gloss>travelling</gloss> -<gloss>traveling</gloss> -<gloss>taking a medium-to-long trip</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> -<misc>&rare;</misc> -<gloss>swapping to another loaded gun in a gunfight</gloss> +<gloss>traveling (from one place to another)</gloss> |
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| 7. | A 2024-07-05 01:33:45 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I can't find it apart from the Wiki page mention. I'll flag it as rare, but perhaps it's not needed. |
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| Diff: | @@ -12,0 +13,5 @@ +<gloss>traveling (basketball rule)</gloss> +<gloss>traveling</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> @@ -19,5 +24 @@ -<gloss>traveling (basketball rule)</gloss> -<gloss>traveling</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> +<misc>&rare;</misc> |
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| 6. | A* 2024-07-04 05:57:21 Syed Raza <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | The kokugos all focus on the basketball usage, so I would put that first. Still not a fan of the third sense. I at least wasn't able to find any web usage of it. |
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| 5. | A* 2024-07-03 07:48:18 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | トラベリング 12690 96.1% トラヴェリング 511 3.9% https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/トラベリング |
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| Comments: | Maybe this? |
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| Diff: | @@ -6,0 +7,4 @@ +<r_ele> +<reb>トラヴェリング</reb> +<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf> +</r_ele> @@ -9 +13,7 @@ -<gloss>travelling (basketball rule)</gloss> +<gloss>travelling</gloss> +<gloss>traveling</gloss> +<gloss>taking a medium-to-long trip</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<gloss>traveling (basketball rule)</gloss> @@ -14,4 +24 @@ -<gloss>swappable</gloss> -<gloss>hot-swappable</gloss> -<gloss>pluggable</gloss> -<gloss>plug-in replacement</gloss> +<gloss>swapping to another loaded gun in a gunfight</gloss> |
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| (show/hide 4 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
{sports}
▶ fullback
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| 4. | A 2024-06-27 04:49:11 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 3. | A* 2024-06-26 23:59:56 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | We don't include abbreviations for other sports positions. |
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| Diff: | @@ -11 +10,0 @@ -<gloss>FB</gloss> |
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| 2. | A 2024-02-04 08:39:59 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-02-04 03:34:11 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -8,0 +9 @@ +<field>&sports;</field> @@ -9,0 +11 @@ +<gloss>FB</gloss> |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ hem |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-27 04:49:37 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-26 20:58:03 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Splitting on source word. Not sure about gai1. |
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| Diff: | @@ -12,4 +11,0 @@ -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> -<gloss>heme</gloss> -</sense> |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ royalty ▶ royal family |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-27 15:14:37 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-27 14:27:20 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | gg5, prog, luminous |
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| Diff: | @@ -16 +15,0 @@ -<pos>&adj-no;</pos> @@ -17,0 +17 @@ +<gloss>royal family</gloss> |
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| 1. |
[adj-no,n]
▶ royal (institution) |
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| 3. | A 2025-03-02 19:29:56 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 2. | A* 2025-03-01 23:57:32 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Not royal blood, for example. |
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| Diff: | @@ -17 +17 @@ -<gloss>royal</gloss> +<gloss>royal (institution)</gloss> |
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| 1. | A 2024-06-27 20:46:22 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -14,0 +15 @@ +<pos>&adj-no;</pos> @@ -16 +16,0 @@ -<pos>&adj-no;</pos> |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ pirate |
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| 4. | A 2024-06-28 00:48:49 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| 3. | A* 2024-06-27 23:54:10 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Only GG5 has these glosses. I don't think they're needed. 海賊 is always translated as "pirate". |
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| Diff: | @@ -17,3 +16,0 @@ -<gloss>sea robber</gloss> -<gloss>buccaneer</gloss> -<gloss>freebooter</gloss> |
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| 2. | A 2019-07-07 11:29:00 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2019-07-07 10:32:09 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -16 +15,0 @@ -<pos>&adj-no;</pos> @@ -18,0 +18,2 @@ +<gloss>buccaneer</gloss> +<gloss>freebooter</gloss> |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ base (of operations) ▶ site ▶ location ▶ center ▶ foothold ▶ stronghold ▶ (strategic) position |
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| 8. | A 2024-06-27 19:05:17 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 7. | A* 2024-06-27 16:08:38 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | gg5, prog, luminous, reverso, daij |
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| Diff: | @@ -16,4 +16 @@ -<gloss>base</gloss> -<gloss>position</gloss> -<gloss>main location</gloss> -<gloss>point</gloss> +<gloss>base (of operations)</gloss> @@ -20,0 +18,5 @@ +<gloss>location</gloss> +<gloss>center</gloss> +<gloss>foothold</gloss> +<gloss>stronghold</gloss> +<gloss>(strategic) position</gloss> |
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| 6. | A 2024-06-26 16:41:45 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | GG5, etc. |
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| Comments: | The JEs lead with "base". I think this works OK. |
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| Diff: | @@ -16 +16 @@ -<gloss>location (one operates from)</gloss> +<gloss>base</gloss> @@ -18 +18 @@ -<gloss>base</gloss> +<gloss>main location</gloss> |
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| 5. | A* 2024-06-26 13:46:33 | |
| Refs: | daijisen |
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| Comments: | added part in parenthesis explains compounds such as 拠点空港 and phrases such as 拠点を築く better |
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| Diff: | @@ -15,0 +16 @@ +<gloss>location (one operates from)</gloss> @@ -17 +17,0 @@ -<gloss>location</gloss> |
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| 4. | A 2018-08-29 03:20:47 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| (show/hide 3 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
▶ empress (consort)
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| 2. | A 2024-06-28 04:32:17 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-27 20:35:46 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | gg5, daij |
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| Comments: | GG5 has "queen" but I've never seen this word used for anyone other than the empress of Japan. |
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| Diff: | @@ -18,3 +18 @@ -<pos>&adj-no;</pos> -<gloss>(Japanese) empress</gloss> -<gloss>queen</gloss> +<gloss>empress (consort)</gloss> |
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| 1. |
[suf]
《after a noun》 ▶ depending on |
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| 2. |
[suf]
《after a noun or the -masu stem of a verb》 ▶ as soon as ▶ immediately after ▶ upon |
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| 3. |
[suf]
《after the -masu stem of a verb》 ▶ as (e.g. "as one is told", "as one wishes") ▶ whatever (e.g. "whatever is at hand") |
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| 4. |
[n]
▶ order ▶ program ▶ programme ▶ precedence |
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| 5. |
[n]
▶ circumstances ▶ course of events ▶ state of things |
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| 6. |
[n]
▶ reason |
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| 10. | A 2024-06-27 16:57:16 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | (接尾)in daijr/s |
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| Diff: | @@ -17 +17 @@ -<pos>&n-suf;</pos> +<pos>&suf;</pos> @@ -22,3 +22 @@ -<pos>&n-suf;</pos> -<pos>&n;</pos> -<pos>&adv;</pos> +<pos>&suf;</pos> @@ -31 +29 @@ -<pos>&n-suf;</pos> +<pos>&suf;</pos> |
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| 9. | A 2021-03-31 04:34:45 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Bulk update n-adv to n,adv -*- via bulkupd.py -*- |
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| Diff: | @@ -23 +23,2 @@ -<pos>&n-adv;</pos> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<pos>&adv;</pos> |
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| 8. | A 2021-03-01 22:54:24 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 7. | A* 2021-02-28 14:41:29 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daij, gg5 |
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| Comments: | Not seeing where the "dependently; accordingly" sense is coming from. I don't think senses 1 and 3 are used adverbially. |
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| Diff: | @@ -18 +18 @@ -<pos>&n-adv;</pos> +<s_inf>after a noun</s_inf> @@ -24 +24 @@ -<s_inf>often after the -masu stem of a verb</s_inf> +<s_inf>after a noun or the -masu stem of a verb</s_inf> @@ -26 +26,2 @@ -<gloss>immediately (upon)</gloss> +<gloss>immediately after</gloss> +<gloss>upon</gloss> @@ -30,6 +31,3 @@ -<pos>&n-adv;</pos> -<gloss>in accordance with</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&n-adv;</pos> -<gloss>dependently, accordingly</gloss> +<s_inf>after the -masu stem of a verb</s_inf> +<gloss>as (e.g. "as one is told", "as one wishes")</gloss> +<gloss>whatever (e.g. "whatever is at hand")</gloss> @@ -47,0 +46,4 @@ +<gloss>state of things</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> |
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| 6. | A 2021-02-28 05:12:58 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| (show/hide 5 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[v5r,vi]
[uk]
▶ to lean over (and cover with one's body) ▶ to bend over (someone) ▶ to (stand tall and) lean on (someone)
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| 2. |
[v5r,vi]
[uk]
▶ to weigh on one ▶ to bear (heavily) on one ▶ to lie on one
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| 12. | A 2024-06-27 04:44:48 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Looks OK. |
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| 11. | A* 2024-06-27 01:50:24 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | daijr: 背を伸ばして相手の上におおいかぶさる。のりかかる。「―・って倒す」 |
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| Comments: | Struggling a bit. How's this? |
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| Diff: | @@ -22,3 +22,3 @@ -<gloss>to lean over (someone)</gloss> -<gloss>to bend over</gloss> -<gloss>to lean on</gloss> +<gloss>to lean over (and cover with one's body)</gloss> +<gloss>to bend over (someone)</gloss> +<gloss>to (stand tall and) lean on (someone)</gloss> |
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| 10. | A* 2024-06-25 06:53:13 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | GG5:〔おおいかかる〕 bend over; lean 「on [forward]…; 〔横柄な態度を取る〕 be high-handed (with sb); take a high-handed attitude; 《口》 be 「pushy [bossy]; act bossily. |
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| Comments: | That could probably be emphasized. Robin? |
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| 9. | A* 2024-06-24 19:05:21 | |
| Refs: | meikyo: 体重をかけて image search |
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| Comments: | just pointing out that the glosses on sense 1 are missing the weight part it sounds awfully like the main meaning is "to hover over someone" right now |
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| 8. | A 2023-06-07 23:17:25 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | のし掛かる 1,811 3.2% 伸し掛かる 495 0.9% 伸し掛る 0 0.0% 伸しかかる 107 0.2% のしかかる 53,295 95.5% |
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| Diff: | @@ -4,3 +3,0 @@ -<k_ele> -<keb>のし掛かる</keb> -</k_ele> @@ -11,0 +9,5 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> +</k_ele> +<k_ele> +<keb>のし掛かる</keb> +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> |
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| (show/hide 7 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
[hon]
▶ His Majesty the Emperor |
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| 1. | A 2024-06-27 20:49:23 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -15,0 +16 @@ +<misc>&hon;</misc> |
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| 1. |
[n,vs,vi]
▶ arrival |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-27 15:32:32 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -20 +19,0 @@ -<pos>&adj-no;</pos> |
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| 1. | A 2021-11-07 00:50:17 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | meikyo |
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| Diff: | @@ -18,0 +19 @@ +<pos>&vi;</pos> |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ explicit statement (e.g. in law) ▶ express provision |
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| 4. | A 2024-06-27 15:14:14 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 3. | A* 2024-06-27 11:09:12 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | 明文の 8,727 明文の規定 6,079 |
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| Comments: | I don't think it's adj-no. 明文の規定 is somewhat of a set phrase. |
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| Diff: | @@ -16,2 +16 @@ -<pos>&adj-no;</pos> -<gloss>explicit statement (e.g. law)</gloss> +<gloss>explicit statement (e.g. in law)</gloss> |
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| 2. | A 2013-07-04 01:37:19 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2013-07-04 01:13:16 Richard Warmington <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Meikyo ~ 明確に規定されている条文 Web ~ 補正について本法に明文の規定がない書類の補正 |
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| Diff: | @@ -16,1 +16,3 @@ -<gloss>statement (e.g. law)</gloss> +<pos>&adj-no;</pos> +<gloss>explicit statement (e.g. law)</gloss> +<gloss>express provision</gloss> |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ superhuman strength ▶ Herculean strength
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| 4. | A 2024-06-27 15:23:05 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -12 +12 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="2045430">金剛力士・こんごうりきし</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2045430">金剛力士</xref> |
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| 3. | A 2024-06-26 13:12:38 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | GG5, etc. |
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| Comments: | I don't think that gloss works in English. |
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| Diff: | @@ -13,2 +13,2 @@ -<gloss>superhuman (Herculean) strength</gloss> -<gloss>immense strength like that of a Vajrapani</gloss> +<gloss>superhuman strength</gloss> +<gloss>Herculean strength</gloss> |
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| 2. | A* 2024-06-26 11:48:51 GM | |
| Refs: | デジタル大辞泉 |
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| Diff: | @@ -14,0 +15 @@ +<gloss>immense strength like that of a Vajrapani</gloss> |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-26 11:04:04 GM | |
| Refs: | デジタル大辞泉 |
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| Comments: | all of my dictionaries mention 金剛力士 |
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| Diff: | @@ -11,0 +12 @@ +<xref type="see" seq="2045430">金剛力士・こんごうりきし</xref> |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora) ▶ Java rice finch |
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| 4. | A 2024-06-27 15:27:57 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ブンチョウ |
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| Comments: | For animals, I think we always keep the katakana form visible, even if it's rare. |
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| Diff: | @@ -12 +12 @@ -<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf> +<re_nokanji/> |
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| 3. | A 2024-06-26 14:55:49 Syed Raza <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | G n-grams: 文鳥 266,953 92.4% ぶんちょう 14,123 4.9% ブンチョウ 7,788 2.7% |
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| Diff: | @@ -8,0 +9,4 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>ブンチョウ</reb> +<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf> |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-24 18:44:51 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | GG5 (Padda oryzivora) |
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| Comments: | GG5 tends to be a bit old-fashioned in these names. |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-24 17:50:11 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_sparrow >> The Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora), also known as Java finch, Java rice sparrow or Java rice bird, is a small passerine bird. >> The species was reclassified to the genus Lonchura in 2020. |
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| Comments: | We normally write the scientific name with the first gloss. |
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| Diff: | @@ -12,2 +12,2 @@ -<gloss>Java sparrow</gloss> -<gloss>Java rice finch (Lonchura oryzivora, Padda oryzivora)</gloss> +<gloss>Java sparrow (Lonchura oryzivora)</gloss> +<gloss>Java rice finch</gloss> |
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| 1. |
[adj-i]
▶ dull ▶ stupid ▶ thickheaded
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| 2. |
[adj-i]
▶ slow ▶ sluggish |
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| 5. | A 2024-06-30 12:20:22 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | GG5, etc. |
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| Comments: | Many references have the two senses, usually in this order. |
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| Diff: | @@ -12,2 +12,3 @@ -<gloss>slow</gloss> -<gloss>sluggish</gloss> +<gloss>dull</gloss> +<gloss>stupid</gloss> +<gloss>thickheaded</gloss> @@ -17,3 +18,2 @@ -<gloss>dull</gloss> -<gloss>stupid</gloss> -<gloss>thickheaded</gloss> +<gloss>slow</gloss> +<gloss>sluggish</gloss> |
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| 4. | A* 2024-06-27 15:37:07 | |
| Refs: | daijisen |
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| Comments: | you can apparently say とろい about someone who's getting left behind when walking |
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| Diff: | @@ -12,0 +13,4 @@ +<gloss>sluggish</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&adj-i;</pos> @@ -14,0 +19 @@ +<gloss>thickheaded</gloss> |
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| 3. | A 2022-12-28 20:18:40 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 2. | A* 2022-12-28 20:06:17 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Google N-gram Corpus Counts ╭─ーーー─┬────────╮ │ とろい │ 49,456 │ │ トロい │ 28,193 │ │ とろく │ 23,209 │ │ トロく │ 10,614 │ ╰─ーーー─┴────────╯ |
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| Comments: | Example sentence also uses トロい |
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| Diff: | @@ -5,0 +6,3 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>トロい</reb> |
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| 1. | A 2022-10-25 05:38:20 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -9 +9 @@ -<gloss>slow (slightly pejorative)</gloss> +<gloss>slow</gloss> |
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| 1. |
[n,vs,vi]
[yoji,rare]
▶ evildoers being rampant and roaming at will
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| 4. | A 2024-06-27 19:06:26 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 3. | A* 2024-06-27 16:02:23 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Google N-gram Corpus Counts ╭─ーーーー─┬────────┬───────╮ │ 跋扈跳梁 │ 169 │ 1.0% │ │ 跳梁跋扈 │ 16,853 │ 99.0% │ ╰─ーーーー─┴────────┴───────╯ |
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| Comments: | More commonly as x-ref |
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| Diff: | @@ -12,0 +13,2 @@ +<pos>&vi;</pos> +<xref type="see" seq="1429720">跳梁跋扈</xref> @@ -13,0 +16 @@ +<misc>&rare;</misc> |
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| 2. | A 2014-08-25 02:37:17 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Kanji Haitani list |
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| Comments: | Adding yoji tagAdding yoji tag -*- via bulkupd.py -*- |
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| Diff: | @@ -12,0 +13 @@ +<misc>&yoji;</misc> |
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| 1. | A 2005-06-10 00:00:00 | |
| Comments: | Entry created |
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| 1. |
[n]
[pol]
▶ field of flowers ▶ flower garden ▶ flower bed
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| 2. |
[n]
▶ field of alpine flowers |
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| 3. |
[n]
[col,derog]
▶ fantasy ▶ delusion ▶ having one's head in the clouds
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| 8. | A 2024-07-07 00:44:19 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | https://woman.mynavi.jp/article/210827-34/#:~:text=ていきましょう。-,「能天気」「天然な人」を表すスラング,タイプを表すことも。 |
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| Comments: | Seems valid. |
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| Diff: | @@ -29 +29 @@ -<misc>&sl;</misc> +<misc>&col;</misc> @@ -31 +31,2 @@ -<misc>&id;</misc> +<gloss>fantasy</gloss> +<gloss>delusion</gloss> |
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| 7. | A* 2024-07-04 08:55:12 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I didn't mean to delete the entry; just the suggested sense 3. |
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| 6. | D* 2024-07-04 03:43:52 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Plausible but I'm waiting for references/examples. I'll delete the sense if none arrive. |
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| 5. | A* 2024-06-27 23:23:27 | |
| Diff: | @@ -24,0 +25,8 @@ +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&n;</pos> +<xref type="see" seq="2835268">脳内お花畑</xref> +<misc>&sl;</misc> +<misc>&derog;</misc> +<misc>&id;</misc> +<gloss>having one's head in the clouds</gloss> |
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| 4. | A 2023-10-01 22:36:56 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -8,0 +9 @@ +<ke_inf>&sK;</ke_inf> |
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| (show/hide 3 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[aux-v]
[arch]
《all senses: after が, の, or the attributive form of a verb》 ▶ like... ▶ similar to...
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| 2. |
[aux-v,cop]
[arch]
《at sentence end》 ▶ is like... ▶ is similar to... |
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| 13. | A 2025-08-13 21:07:59 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I'm OK with leaving it like this. It's very marginal as an entry. |
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| 12. | A* 2025-08-13 17:46:46 Sombrero1 | |
| Comments: | Yea, I guess we could technically use the [cop] tag . Re: Wording It wasn't really the use of "copula" for me, I just thought it sounded odd the way it was previously. But having the tag works too in my eyes I was going to propose changing the xref on sense 1 to refer to 如く instead, but I remembered that it was a bit special for 如し. Nikkoku confirms that 連体形、連用形 and 終止形 were all used as 連用修飾語 I don't think there's much more left to add, is there? |
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| Diff: | @@ -22 +22 @@ -<s_inf>at sentence end; acts as copula by itself</s_inf> +<s_inf>at sentence end</s_inf> |
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| 11. | A* 2025-08-09 20:12:23 Non | |
| Comments: | So, I changed the tag over [1] from [poet] to [arch] in the actual edit, but forgot to do so for the [1] in my suggestion under my comment. I confess, your excellence; I copy and pasted the [1] in my suggestion from the pre-edit entry, take me away. Incidentally, about [arch] over [poet]: since thanks to your references it seems clear beyond doubt that this was only used in ye olden times, it is probably best to leave it as [arch] since there is a group of archaic words that are still occasionally used in poetry - なり、ず、ざる、し、たり、etc. The wording on [2], I do not think matters much - if someone does not know what a copula is, it is moot either way; and I am not sure how likely it is that such a person will know and/or remember what exactly is a predicate, so that might not fare much better either. Maybe just settle for the [cop] tag... and speaking of which, I have just added it since we are proceeding with aux-v. (Regarding "corpi"; I said "ellision" instead of "ellipsis" even though I had correctly named it just two lines earlier) |
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| Diff: | @@ -13 +13 @@ -<misc>&poet;</misc> +<misc>&arch;</misc> @@ -19,0 +20 @@ +<pos>&cop;</pos> |
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| 10. | A* 2025-08-09 18:27:15 Sombrero1 | |
| Refs: | Frellesvig, Bjarke, Stephen Wright Horn et al. (eds.) 2023. Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese. Available at: http://oncoj.ninjal.ac.jp/ In the ONCOJ, ごと is classified as follows: "goto (adjective; non-inflecting) 007004a (frequency 90) be like" These are all hits for this ごと the ONCOJ (If you are required to enter a password, see this page: https://oncoj.ninjal.ac.jp/index.html) https://oncoj.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/oncoj_tgrep2.sh?search=/007004a/ ーーーーーーーーーーーーーーーー 角川古語大辞典 tags 名詞, but that either does not account for sentence final usage, or supposes copula ellision. Note that none of their examples have ごと in sentence-final position. 旺文社古語辞典 第五版 performs the split you have proposed, but sadly does not give a PoS: 1.(連用修飾語となって)...ように 2.(述語となって)...ようだ 大修館 全訳古語辞典 gives 助動詞, and has only one sense: 1.〔助動〕比況(たとえ)~のとうに。~のようだ。 Weblio古語辞典: 1. …のように。…のよう。▽連用形「ごとく」と同じ用法。 2. …のようだ。▽終止形「ごとし」と同じ用法。 Nikkoku: (助動詞「ごとし」の語幹。本来、「同じ」の意を表わす「こと」の濁音化したもので、体言的性格をもつ)ごとく。ように。同じく。 Does not mention copular usage at all in the entry. But funnily enough they do in a note in the ごとし entry: (2)語幹「ごと」は連用修飾格や述語格などに用いられた。 |
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| Comments: | As expected, the modern corpora I have access to return 0 results for this ごと.
> Anyway, if this is copula ellision then I am in full agreement with Sombrero and this thing is functionally a 形式名詞; but much like よう, it is not exclusively adverbial.
Otherwise, if it never took なり then it is functionally a copular itself and the [aux-v] tag is arguably justified, or at least Daijirin and Wiktionary think so.
> From what I could gather, there existed (as a lexicalized form) only ごとくなり (cf. Haruo Shirane - Classical Japanese - A Grammar, p. 136), but not ごとなり.
Furthermore, not a single one of the examles in the ONCOJ show ごと being followed by なり, or any copular for that matter, so I believe it is rather unlikely to be copula ellision.
Hence you are most likely right in your second argument, and I just went a full circle.
I fear Frellesvig's classification of "adjective" doesn't help us too much, since he rarely uses 国語 terminology and classification when it comes to grammar.
As that "kind" of adjective really has no corresponding PoS marker in 国語文法 or JMdict for that matter.
> Also retagging from [poet] to [arch] - while I myself have heard 如し and 如く in poetry several times, when it is ごと all I think is "maybe once or twice?"
but even then I might be thinking of some snippet from Old Japanese;
I tried looking for an example for a while but came up with nothing, feel free to change this back if you find or know of one.
> I assume some references tag [poet] because most usage examples (at least in Old Japanese) are from the 万葉集.
Though there are also examples from the heian and early kamakura period in references.
Nevertheless, it is of course archaic as well, my non-古語 references are split between [poet] and [arch] (of those who give a tag).
I do not know of any poems using ごと, as I have not really gotten to the point where I delve into such. Though I certainly wish to do so one day.
Interestingly it seems like 連用修飾語 usage was (somewhat/far) more common than 述語 usage, already in Old Japanese (only 7/90 usages in the ONCOJ are sentence final).
The majority of my (non-kogo) references describe and attest only the "のように" meaning.
Another notable, but not relevant bit of information is the fact that ごとし was far less common (according to ONCOJ) in Old Japanese, than ごと by itself (52 - 90).
And according to nikkoku, ごと was already present in the kojiki, while ごとし was not. I like to imagine that it went こと > ごと > ごとし, but that is just unfounded speculation on my part.
As for the note on sense 2, I find "forms copular sentence" to be a bit difficult to grasp. Perhaps what I proposed works better? Or maybe "forms predicate by itself"?
I applied a slightly modified version, with the changed PoS tags, of your proposed version. Please check whether it is fine this way.
(In writing this I noticed that I pluralized "corpus" wrong up until now...) |
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| Diff: | @@ -11,2 +11 @@ -<pos>&n;</pos> -<pos>&n-suf;</pos> +<pos>&aux-v;</pos> @@ -13,0 +13,7 @@ +<misc>&poet;</misc> +<s_inf>all senses: after が, の, or the attributive form of a verb</s_inf> +<gloss>like...</gloss> +<gloss>similar to...</gloss> +</sense> +<sense> +<pos>&aux-v;</pos> @@ -15,3 +21,3 @@ -<s_inf>after が, の, or the attributive form of a verb</s_inf> -<gloss>like</gloss> -<gloss>similar to</gloss> +<s_inf>at sentence end; acts as copula by itself</s_inf> +<gloss>is like...</gloss> +<gloss>is similar to...</gloss> |
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| 9. | A* 2025-08-08 22:08:26 Non | |
| Refs: | The 助動詞 tag given by Daijirin is probably because of this: 「② …のようだ。「ごとし」の終止形にあたる。『逢 (あ) ふことは玉の緒ばかり名の立つは吉野の川のたぎつ瀬の―』〈古今・恋三〉」 Ironically, there is no such sense in Daijirin and I pulled this from Daijisen. Meikyou: 「〚文語助動詞「ごとし」の語幹〛…のようだ、…のように、の意を表す。」 Weblio: 「② のようだ。▽終止形「ごとし」と同じ用法。」. Japanese Wiktionary has its entry for 如 as a 助動詞 with the paradigm of ○|ごと|ごと|○|○|○ https://ja.wiktionary.org/wiki/ごと#助動詞 |
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| Comments: | Well, the entry is missing the copulaless copular usage mentioned in some dictionaries. That said, the dropping of the copula can happen with just about any nominal and was rather common in Old Japanese compared to modern day - you could go on for noticeably longer without seeing なり than you can without seeing だ. Perhaps the dictionaries that say nothing of that usage did not consider it to be a property of 如 but rather just your average copula ellipsis (but do not take my word for it on this last statement, confirming or denying this would require scouring for instances of ごと followed by なり in Old Japanese - or lack thereof - which I have not done). Anyway, if this is copula ellision then I am in full agreement with Sombrero and this thing is functionally a 形式名詞; but much like よう, it is not exclusively adverbial. Otherwise, if it never took なり then it is functionally a copular itself and the [aux-v] tag is arguably justified, or at least Daijirin and Wiktionary think so. I leave this rough suggestion below in case we decide to include the copular sense. [1][n,n-suf][poet] [note="all senses: after が, の, or the attributive form of a verb"] like...; similar to... [see=1466930・如し[1]] [2][n,n-suf][arch] [note="at sentence end; forms copular sentence"] is like...; is similar to... Also retagging from [poet] to [arch] - while I myself have heard 如し and 如く in poetry several times, when it is ごと all I think is "maybe once or twice?" but even then I might be thinking of some snippet from Old Japanese; I tried looking for an example for a while but came up with nothing, feel free to change this back if you find or know of one. Lastly, reminder to alter the part-of-speech tags accordingly, depending on whether we decide to go with it being a nominal or an auxiliary verb. |
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| Diff: | @@ -14 +14 @@ -<misc>&poet;</misc> +<misc>&arch;</misc> |
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| (show/hide 8 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
▶ what floor |
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| 9. | A 2024-06-28 00:40:15 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Speakers say "-かい" in most of the search results on YouGlish. |
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| Diff: | @@ -12 +11,0 @@ -<re_inf>&ik;</re_inf> |
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| 8. | A* 2024-06-27 23:59:54 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Does it need an ik tag? |
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| 7. | A 2024-06-26 20:32:00 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 6. | A* 2024-06-26 18:02:15 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | NHK 2016 accent dictionary has both pronunciations, but the -かい reading is tagged as 許容. |
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| Diff: | @@ -8,0 +9,4 @@ +</r_ele> +<r_ele> +<reb>なんかい</reb> +<re_inf>&ik;</re_inf> |
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| 5. | A* 2024-06-26 17:36:21 | |
| Diff: | @@ -8 +8 @@ -<reb>なんかい</reb> +<reb>なんがい</reb> |
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| (show/hide 4 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
[hon]
▶ Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress |
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| 3. | A 2024-06-27 20:50:33 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Comma not needed. |
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| Diff: | @@ -12 +12,2 @@ -<gloss>Their Majesties, the Emperor and Empress</gloss> +<misc>&hon;</misc> +<gloss>Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress</gloss> |
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| 2. | A 2023-01-01 20:06:21 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | GG5, etc. |
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| 1. | A* 2023-01-01 14:55:37 Nicolas Maia | |
| Refs: | https://bunshun.jp/articles/-/59552?page=1 |
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| Comments: | 天皇皇后両陛下 34302 |
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| 1. |
[n]
[sens,derog]
▶ disabled person ▶ [lit] certificate holder
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| 7. | A 2024-06-30 07:48:44 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 6. | A* 2024-06-29 20:47:02 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | How's this? |
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| Diff: | @@ -12 +12 @@ -<xref type="see" seq="1598330">手帳・2</xref> +<xref type="see" seq="2530640">身体障害者手帳</xref> @@ -15 +15 @@ -<gloss>holder of a disability certificate</gloss> +<gloss>disabled person</gloss> |
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| 5. | A* 2024-06-29 19:43:52 Marcus Richert <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | This is not how we usually use [lit]. I don't really see how it's helpful. |
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| 4. | A 2024-06-29 14:04:23 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | I couldn't pin it down. Fingers crossed. |
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| 3. | A* 2024-06-29 11:37:49 GM | |
| Comments: | I think it's only used in the context of a disability certificate I couldn't find it used in another context |
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| Diff: | @@ -13,4 +13 @@ -<gloss g_type="lit">certificate holder</gloss> -</sense> -<sense> -<pos>&n;</pos> +<misc>&sens;</misc> @@ -18,0 +16 @@ +<gloss g_type="lit">certificate holder</gloss> |
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| (show/hide 2 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
▶ cotton wedding (anniversary) ▶ second wedding anniversary |
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| 6. | A 2024-07-24 01:05:25 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Diff: | @@ -13 +13 @@ -<gloss>2nd wedding anniversary</gloss> +<gloss>second wedding anniversary</gloss> |
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| 5. | A* 2024-07-22 23:53:14 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 4. | A 2024-07-22 23:52:51 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Seems the 2nd is both 綿婚式 and 藁婚式. I'll lock this in, then reopen for a bit. I think we've probably done the main ones of these now. |
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| Diff: | @@ -12,0 +13 @@ +<gloss>2nd wedding anniversary</gloss> |
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| 3. | A* 2024-06-27 07:15:50 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 2. | A 2024-06-27 07:15:27 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | That seems reasonable. I'll approve this and reopen to keep it visible. |
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| (show/hide 1 older log entries) | ||
| 1. |
[n]
▶ purple ▶ lavender |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-27 07:08:37 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | https://www.pinterest.com/pin/600456562806653803/ 葵色 196 |
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| Comments: | Not common. |
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| Diff: | @@ -12 +12,2 @@ -<gloss>purple, lavender</gloss> +<gloss>purple</gloss> +<gloss>lavender</gloss> |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-16 15:15:37 DIO-Berry <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/srch/jn/葵色/m1u/ |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ corporate planning ▶ management planning
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| 2. | A 2024-06-27 07:02:30 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Quiet. |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-18 06:03:03 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | Reverso 経営企画 176894 経営企画室 26805 経営企画部 14384 |
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| 1. |
[n]
{biochemistry}
▶ heme ▶ haem |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-27 04:50:05 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-26 20:58:35 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Comments: | Split from 1118670. |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ steaming kettle |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-27 04:45:50 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-26 23:32:01 | |
| Refs: | 研究社 新和英大辞典 第5版; デジタル大辞泉; 広辞苑 第六版 |
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| 1. |
[exp,adv]
[sl]
▶ best regards ▶ please remember me ▶ please treat me favorably (favourably) ▶ please take care of ▶ please do
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| 2. | A 2024-06-27 04:47:42 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-26 23:51:34 | |
| Refs: | シクヨロ 6704 74.6% しくよろ 2286 25.4% https://meaning-book.com/blog/20190517164609.html つまり、意味は「よろしく」そのもので、他の意味や意図は一切ありません。 https://takashionary.com/seven-variations-of-yoroshiku/#しくよろ This is a “back slang” for よろしく, https://www.iwako-light.com/natukasii-sigo#rtoc-36 「よろしく」の順番を入れ替えたもの。 https://hinative.com/questions/2331602 Same meaning as よろしく(nice to meet you). |
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| 1. |
[n]
{architecture}
▶ wood interlocking technique |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-27 05:00:48 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-27 00:01:20 Nicolas Maia | |
| Refs: | https://www.weblio.jp/content/地獄組み http://sunnyhillsjapan.blogspot.com/2015/06/blog-post.html |
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| Comments: | 地獄組み 118 4.2% 地獄組 2678 95.8% |
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| 1. |
[n]
▶ yob ▶ hooligan |
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| 3. | D 2024-06-27 16:10:43 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| 2. | D* 2024-06-27 15:33:00 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | 0 n-grams. Not in references. |
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| Comments: | The reference is for the entry for "yob" in an EJ! |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-27 09:56:33 | |
| Refs: | https://ejje.weblio.jp/content/yob |
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| 1. |
[surname]
▶ Bentley |
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| 1. | A 2024-06-27 11:28:47 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ベントリー |
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| Diff: | @@ -8 +8 @@ -<misc>&unclass;</misc> +<misc>&surname;</misc> |
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| 1. |
[surname]
▶ Bentley |
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| 2. |
[company]
▶ Bentley (car manufacturer) |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-27 04:48:31 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 1. | A* 2024-06-26 22:45:31 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ベントレー |
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| Diff: | @@ -5,0 +6 @@ +<re_pri>spec1</re_pri> @@ -10,0 +12,4 @@ +<sense> +<misc>&company;</misc> +<gloss>Bentley (car manufacturer)</gloss> +</sense> |
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| 1. |
[product]
▶ Cup Noodles (brand of instant noodles) |
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| 2. | A 2024-06-27 11:17:29 Robin Scott <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_Noodles カップヌードル 206,359 カップ・ヌードル 805 |
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| Comments: | [tradem] is only used for jmdict entries. |
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| Diff: | @@ -5,0 +6 @@ +<re_pri>spec1</re_pri> @@ -8,3 +9,2 @@ -<pos>&n;</pos> -<field>&tradem;</field> -<gloss>Cup Noodle</gloss> +<misc>&product;</misc> +<gloss>Cup Noodles (brand of instant noodles)</gloss> |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-27 09:58:04 | |
| Refs: | デジタル大辞泉; https://www.cupnoodle.jp/ |
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| 1. |
[work]
▶ Hanyu Da Zidian (multi-volume Chinese character dictionary) ▶ Grand Chinese Dictionary |
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| 3. | A 2024-06-28 04:27:39 Jim Breen <...address hidden...> | |
| 2. | A* 2024-06-28 00:53:50 Stephen Kraus <...address hidden...> | |
| Refs: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyu_Da_Zidian >> The Hanyu Da Zidian (simplified Chinese: 汉语大字典; traditional Chinese: 漢語大字典; pinyin: Hànyǔ dàzìdiǎn; lit. 'Great Compendium of Chinese Characters'), also known as the Grand Chinese Dictionary, is a reference dictionary on Chinese characters. Google N-gram Corpus Counts ╭─ーーーーー─┬─────╮ │ 漢語大字典 │ 552 │ ╰─ーーーーー─┴─────╯ |
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| Comments: | Moving to Jmnedict |
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| Diff: | @@ -1,3 +1,2 @@ -<ent_corp type="jmdict">jmdict</ent_corp> -<ent_seq>2861807</ent_seq> +<ent_corp type="jmnedict">jmnedict</ent_corp> @@ -8,0 +8 @@ +<re_pri>spec1</re_pri> @@ -11,2 +11,3 @@ -<pos>&n;</pos> -<gloss>Hanyu Da Zidian (Grand Chinese Dictionary)</gloss> +<misc>&work;</misc> +<gloss>Hanyu Da Zidian (multi-volume Chinese character dictionary)</gloss> +<gloss>Grand Chinese Dictionary</gloss> |
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| 1. | A* 2024-06-27 22:28:09 | |
| Refs: | https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/漢語大字典 |
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