<entry eid="2308869" stat="A" corpus="jmdict" type="jmdict">
<ent_corp type="jmdict">jmdict</ent_corp>
<ent_seq>2089020</ent_seq>
<r_ele>
<reb>だ</reb>
<re_pri>spec1</re_pri>
</r_ele>
<sense>
<pos>&aux-v;</pos>
<pos>&cop;</pos>
<xref type="see" seq="1008340" xr="である">である</xref>
<xref type="see" seq="1628500" xr="です">です</xref>
<s_inf>plain copula</s_inf>
<gloss>be</gloss>
<gloss>is</gloss>
</sense>
<history>
<audit time="2006-07-09 00:00:00" stat="A">
<upd_detl>Entry created</upd_detl>
</audit>
<audit time="2011-08-24 10:42:57" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>Aligning with 2654250.</upd_detl>
<upd_diff>@@ -13,0 +13,19 @@
+<sense>
+<pos>&aux-v;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・1</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・1</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・1</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・1</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・1</xref>
+<s_inf>た after certain verb forms</s_inf>
+<gloss>indicates past or completed action</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&aux-v;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・2</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・2</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・2</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・2</xref>
+<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・2</xref>
+<gloss>indicates light imperative</gloss>
+</sense></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2011-08-24 17:51:03" stat="A">
<upd_uid>rene</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Rene Malenfant</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
</audit>
<audit time="2012-04-07 21:04:54" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_uid>rene</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Rene Malenfant</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>providing an actual translation</upd_detl>
<upd_refs>gg5</upd_refs>
<upd_diff>@@ -11,1 +11,2 @@
-<gloss>plain copula</gloss>
+<s_inf>plain copula</s_inf>
+<gloss>to be</gloss></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2012-04-07 22:44:45" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>Minor change; removing the "to", which makes it more like the JEs. "to be" sort-of implies it can be conjugated, which I suppose it can in a way.
I have good friends who are far more learned in Japanese than I will ever be, who will not accept that です or だ are verbs or even copulas (a Latinate grammatical concept.) I think having a translation is better than what was there before.</upd_detl>
<upd_refs>GG5, ルミナス</upd_refs>
<upd_diff>@@ -10,0 +10,1 @@
+<xref type="see" seq="1008340">である</xref>
@@ -13,1 +14,2 @@
-<gloss>to be</gloss>
+<gloss>be</gloss>
+<gloss>is</gloss></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2012-04-07 23:56:04" stat="A">
<upd_uid>rene</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Rene Malenfant</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>Okay. But I think users may be confused why all verbs use 'to' except for です/だ. (I'm not really clear on why we'd draw the distinction myself. GG5, of course, does not use "to ..." for any of its verbs.)</upd_detl>
</audit>
<audit time="2012-09-23 21:14:58" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_name>Francis</upd_name>
<upd_detl>No change to the above, but when I search for "だった" nothing comes up, save that the following is on display:-
だったら (conj) (See だ・1) if it's the case; (P)
As a passing interest, if I click on "だ" in the above, I get back to the main headword above, which is OK.
As a matter of concern, if I click on "た" [both] in the main entry above, I get referred to:-
誰 【だれ(P); たれ(ok); た(ok)】 (pn,adj-no) who; (P)
[At least, it is a concern if my thinking is that I should have been referred to something which told me about the past tense of verbs.]
If, of course, I search down the page, I do find the following:-
た (aux-v) (1) (だ after certain verb forms) (See だ・2) indicate past completed or action; (2) (See だ・3) indicates light imperative
However, when one clicks a link I think that the link should be the first on display without more searching.
What I am suggesting is that there should be an entry for "だった" with a link to the main entry above.
However, as another point, in the main entry above there is no "[V]" link for conjugating so even if I thought that "だった" may be the past for "だ", I would not get confirmation from that link.
I have seen the comments between yourself and Rene about what is a verb or not, but I don't think I should go there in this context.
Well, having taken your time to read the above, I hope that I am correct about "だった" and my other comments.</upd_detl>
</audit>
<audit time="2012-09-25 08:40:20" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>Yes, you are seeing a flaw in WWWJDIC as it can't focus xrefs very well. I should try and work in a way of making them more exact. If I ever get the time....</upd_detl>
</audit>
<audit time="2014-08-23 23:37:18" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>Changing POS as per discussion.</upd_detl>
<upd_diff>@@ -9 +9 @@
-<pos>&aux;</pos>
+<pos>&cop-da;</pos></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2018-04-05 08:00:26" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_name>Marcus Richert</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_diff>@@ -19,2 +19,3 @@
-<s_inf>た after certain verb forms</s_inf>
-<gloss>indicates past or completed action</gloss>
+<s_inf>た after certain verb forms; indicates past or completed action</s_inf>
+<gloss>has</gloss>
+<gloss>have</gloss>
@@ -25 +26,3 @@
-<gloss>indicates light imperative</gloss>
+<s_inf>indicates light imperative</s_inf>
+<gloss>please</gloss>
+<gloss>do</gloss></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2018-04-17 05:10:31" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
</audit>
<audit time="2020-01-28 02:28:30" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_detl>I might be wrong but is だ sometimes used to indicate a question？ see phrases like だれだ？ どこだ？
I see the argument that these are just examples sense 1, "be, is" but I'm not really sure that's the case.
Not for example how だ can not be followed by か (while verbs, na-adjectives, i-adjectives, nouns, can all come before a "か")
e.g. X だれだか？X どこだか？
on the other hand X お前だ？ doesn't work as a question. so if it's a "question particle", it's only with interrogatives.
Btw shouldn't senses 2 & 3 be a separate entry, maybe together with た?</upd_detl>
</audit>
<audit time="2020-01-28 11:26:47" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>I don't think it's indicating a question; it's more of an abbreviation of ですか. (We
wouldn't split an entry like this.)</upd_detl>
</audit>
<audit time="2020-08-21 15:47:46" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_name>dine</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>align with 2654250</upd_detl>
<upd_diff>@@ -20,2 +20,2 @@
-<gloss>has</gloss>
-<gloss>have</gloss>
+<gloss>did</gloss>
+<gloss>(have) done</gloss></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2020-08-24 07:03:38" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
</audit>
<audit time="2024-08-07 07:46:18" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_name>Non</upd_name>
<upd_detl>Could we add だ as a reading to 2654250(past た) and trim [2] and [3] from this entry? They are completely different from [1] in everything from etymology to grammar to meaning.
Added the [aux-v] tag to [1] as all 4 kokugos above classify it as a 助動詞, it descends from a verb, and it is inflectable.
Added new sense from 『（６）終止形は間投助詞的にも用いられる。この場合，助詞「な」「ね」を伴って用いることもある。「われわれは〈だ〉，もっと慎重に〈だ〉，行動すべきなのだ」」』; as it no longer functions as a copula and is never inflected, I tagged is as [prt], but [exp] would probably do as well.</upd_detl>
<upd_refs>daijr, daijs, koj, meikyo</upd_refs>
<upd_diff>@@ -8,0 +9 @@
+<pos>&aux-v;</pos>
@@ -28,0 +30,5 @@
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&prt;</pos>
+<s_inf>from [1] used as an interjectory particle</s_inf>
+<gloss>adds emphasis</gloss></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2024-08-13 00:52:16" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>I agree about senses 2 and 3, and have set up that proposed change.
I don't think that sense 4 is needed/appropriate. See comments on the です (1628500) entry.</upd_detl>
<upd_diff>@@ -18,21 +17,0 @@
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&aux-v;</pos>
-<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・1</xref>
-<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・1</xref>
-<s_inf>た after certain verb forms; indicates past or completed action</s_inf>
-<gloss>did</gloss>
-<gloss>(have) done</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&aux-v;</pos>
-<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・2</xref>
-<xref type="see" seq="2654250">た・2</xref>
-<s_inf>indicates light imperative</s_inf>
-<gloss>please</gloss>
-<gloss>do</gloss>
-</sense>
-<sense>
-<pos>&prt;</pos>
-<s_inf>from [1] used as an interjectory particle</s_inf>
-<gloss>adds emphasis</gloss></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2024-08-16 07:11:35" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>Closing, as with です.</upd_detl>
</audit>
</history>
</entry>
Notes
- Click on the entry seq# to see all versions of the entry.
- ⇒,⇔,⇐ Denote cross references (xrefs). ⇒ shows an xref from this entry sense to some other entry. ⇐ shows an xref on some other entry that points to this one; to change, edit the other entry. ⇔ indicates two xrefs, one in each direction.
- Cross references marked with an asterisk (*) after the seq# denote a reference to an unapproved entry. These will disappear when the unapproved entry is approved.