<entry eid="2372163" stat="A" corpus="jmdict" type="jmdict">
<ent_corp type="jmdict">jmdict</ent_corp>
<ent_seq>1577200</ent_seq>
<k_ele>
<keb>可愛い</keb>
<ke_inf>&ateji;</ke_inf>
<ke_pri>ichi1</ke_pri>
<ke_pri>news2</ke_pri>
<ke_pri>nf32</ke_pri>
</k_ele>
<r_ele>
<reb>かわいい</reb>
<re_pri>ichi1</re_pri>
<re_pri>news2</re_pri>
<re_pri>nf32</re_pri>
</r_ele>
<r_ele>
<reb>カワイイ</reb>
<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
</r_ele>
<r_ele>
<reb>カワイい</reb>
<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
</r_ele>
<r_ele>
<reb>かわいーい</reb>
<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
</r_ele>
<r_ele>
<reb>かわーい</reb>
<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
</r_ele>
<r_ele>
<reb>かわえー</reb>
<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
</r_ele>
<r_ele>
<reb>カワいい</reb>
<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
</r_ele>
<sense>
<pos>&adj-i;</pos>
<misc>&uk;</misc>
<gloss>cute</gloss>
<gloss>adorable</gloss>
<gloss>charming</gloss>
<gloss>lovely</gloss>
<gloss>pretty</gloss>
</sense>
<sense>
<pos>&adj-i;</pos>
<misc>&uk;</misc>
<gloss>dear</gloss>
<gloss>precious</gloss>
<gloss>darling</gloss>
<gloss>pet</gloss>
</sense>
<sense>
<pos>&adj-i;</pos>
<misc>&uk;</misc>
<gloss>innocent</gloss>
<gloss>childlike</gloss>
<gloss>childish</gloss>
<gloss>lovable</gloss>
</sense>
<sense>
<pos>&adj-i;</pos>
<misc>&uk;</misc>
<gloss>dainty</gloss>
<gloss>little</gloss>
<gloss>tiny</gloss>
</sense>
<sense>
<pos>&adj-i;</pos>
<misc>&uk;</misc>
<misc>&id;</misc>
<s_inf>usu. as 自分の首が～, etc.</s_inf>
<gloss>precious to oneself</gloss>
<gloss>dear (to one)</gloss>
</sense>
<history>
<audit time="2011-03-10 20:07:23" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_name>Scott</upd_name>
<upd_refs>google</upd_refs>
<upd_diff>@@ -11,0 +11,4 @@
+<k_ele>
+<keb>可愛ゆい</keb>
+<ke_inf>&ateji;</ke_inf>
+</k_ele>
@@ -13,0 +17,1 @@
+<re_restr>可愛い</re_restr></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2011-03-10 22:10:25" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
</audit>
<audit time="2015-05-20 19:24:42" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_detl>a very slight edge</upd_detl>
<upd_refs>K/M n-grams
可愛い 323347
可愛ゆい 62
かわいい 328590
かわゆい 3897</upd_refs>
<upd_diff>@@ -27,0 +28 @@
+<misc>&uk;</misc>
@@ -35,0 +37 @@
+<misc>&uk;</misc>
@@ -42,0 +45 @@
+<misc>&uk;</misc></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2015-05-23 12:46:09" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_refs>Google n-grams are a bit stronger.</upd_refs>
</audit>
<audit time="2016-07-21 05:19:11" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_refs>G n-grams:
可愛い 19104790
かわいい 21854459
カワイイ 2850663</upd_refs>
<upd_diff>@@ -24,0 +25,4 @@
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>カワイイ</reb>
+<re_nokanji/></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2016-07-21 05:36:24" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_uid>johan</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Johan Råde</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>Is it an adj-i?
Does it conjugate? How?</upd_detl>
</audit>
<audit time="2016-07-22 07:39:46" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>It appears so....</upd_detl>
<upd_refs>N-grams:
カワイい 3899
カワイくない 3773
カワイクナイ 1788
カワイかった 25271
カワイカッタ 2172</upd_refs>
<upd_diff>@@ -29,0 +30,4 @@
+<r_ele>
+<reb>カワイい</reb>
+<re_nokanji/>
+</r_ele></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2018-02-09 08:45:52" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_name>Marcus Richert</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_refs>daij prog chujiten
innocent; childlike; childish; lovable:
sense 3 is a conflation of:
daijr: ④ 殊勝なところがあって、愛すべきである。 「あの男にも
－・いところがある」
daijs: ３ 無邪気で、憎めない。すれてなく、子供っぽい。「生意
気だが―・いところがある」
They're two rather different takes on what I think is
the same nuance.</upd_refs>
<upd_diff>@@ -53,0 +54,9 @@
+<gloss>innocent</gloss>
+<gloss>childlike</gloss>
+<gloss>childish</gloss>
+<gloss>lovable</gloss>
+</sense>
+<sense>
+<pos>&adj-i;</pos>
+<misc>&uk;</misc>
+<gloss>dainty</gloss></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2018-02-11 04:17:00" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_uid>rene</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Rene Malenfant</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>可愛 ゆい is apparently the name of japanese transsexual nude idol/pornstar. there is limited evidence of it being used elsewhere and no dictionary has it.</upd_detl>
<upd_diff>@@ -11,4 +10,0 @@
-<k_ele>
-<keb>可愛ゆい</keb>
-<ke_inf>&ateji;</ke_inf>
-</k_ele>
@@ -17 +12,0 @@
-<re_restr>可愛い</re_restr></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2018-02-13 03:01:50" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
</audit>
<audit time="2018-10-12 01:41:46" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_name>Marcus Richert</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>Do we really want to tag かわゆい as outdated? I've seen it and I think also heard it used plenty of times. Daij both use an
example from a book from 1907/Meiji 40 (which means we wouldn't tag it as arch if it were a separate sense).</upd_detl>
</audit>
<audit time="2018-10-13 13:53:48" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>Happy to drop it.</upd_detl>
<upd_diff>@@ -19 +18,0 @@
-<re_inf>&ok;</re_inf></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2021-07-23 13:41:04" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_name>jd</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>added a semi-colon after cute
+dainty; cute; little; tiny
-dainty; cute little; tiny</upd_detl>
<upd_diff>@@ -57 +57,2 @@
-<gloss>cute little</gloss>
+<gloss>cute</gloss>
+<gloss>little</gloss></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2021-07-23 21:16:22" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
</audit>
<audit time="2021-07-24 01:23:46" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_uid>Marcus</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Marcus Richert</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>I'm not sure "cute little" rather than "cute; little" was a mistake? I don't think "cute" by itself means "dainty; little; tiny" in
English...?</upd_detl>
</audit>
<audit time="2021-07-24 07:17:47" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>Best without "cute" there as it's in sense 1.
I thought maybe 4 senses were too many; GG5 has 3 and 中辞典 has 2, but I see the kokugos have quite a lot.
I'll look into the indexing of the sentences.</upd_detl>
<upd_refs>JEs, Kokugos</upd_refs>
<upd_diff>@@ -57 +56,0 @@
-<gloss>cute</gloss></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2024-10-11 03:44:52" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_uid>stephen</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Stephen Kraus</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_refs>Google N-gram Corpus Counts
╭─ーーーー─┬────────────┬───────╮
│ 可愛い │ 19,104,790 │ 43.3% │
│ かわいい │ 21,854,459 │ 49.5% │
│ かわゆい │ 330,933 │ 0.7% │
│ カワイイ │ 2,850,663 │ 6.5% │ - sk
│ カワイい │ 3,899 │ 0.0% │ - sk
╰─ーーーー─┴────────────┴───────╯</upd_refs>
<upd_diff>@@ -22 +22 @@
-<re_nokanji/>
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
@@ -26 +26 @@
-<re_nokanji/>
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2024-10-11 04:07:29" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
</audit>
<audit time="2024-10-11 04:42:29" stat="A">
<upd_uid>stephen</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Stephen Kraus</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_refs>New editions of sankoku and smk describe かわゆい as archaic ("古風") but still in use colloquially.
Would probably be fine to tag it as [rk].</upd_refs>
</audit>
<audit time="2024-10-18 05:50:18" stat="A">
<upd_uid>Marcus</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Marcus Richert</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_refs>可愛い 19104790 43.3%
かわいい 21854459 49.5%
かわゆい 330933 0.7%
カワイイ 2850663 6.5%
カワイい 3899 0.0%
かわーい 1057 0.0%
かわいーい 7892 0.0%</upd_refs>
<upd_diff>@@ -25,0 +26,8 @@
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>かわいーい</reb>
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>かわーい</reb></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2024-10-18 06:30:56" stat="A">
<upd_uid>Marcus</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Marcus Richert</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_refs>かわえー 5485</upd_refs>
<upd_diff>@@ -33,0 +34,4 @@
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
+</r_ele>
+<r_ele>
+<reb>かわえー</reb></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2024-11-09 01:22:06" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_name>parfait8</upd_name>
<upd_detl>>New editions of sankoku and smk describe かわゆい as archaic ("古風") but still in use colloquially.
yes, i propose to split it out
from sankoku:
「顔映(かおは)ゆし〔＝はずかしくて顔がほてるようだ〕」が「かはゆし」→「かわゆい」→「かわいい」と変化。それに似た意味の漢語「可愛(かあい)」を当てた。
this seems more [gikun] than [ateji] to me...</upd_detl>
<upd_diff>@@ -18,3 +17,0 @@
-<reb>かわゆい</reb>
-</r_ele>
-<r_ele></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2024-11-12 07:58:09" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
</audit>
<audit time="2024-11-12 13:37:38" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_name>parfait8</upd_name>
<upd_detl>thoughts on converting this to [gikun]?
from my previous comment:
>sankoku:
「顔映(かおは)ゆし〔＝はずかしくて顔がほてるようだ〕」が「かはゆし」→「かわゆい」→「かわいい」と変化。それに似た意味の漢語「可愛(かあい)」を当てた。
my refs tag this as [ateji] too but i don't believe it's the most appropriate
i think the [ateji] tag is helpful to say "don't worry about the meaning of the kanji, they were chosen for their sound"
and [gikun] to say "don't worry about the sound of the kanji, they were chosen for their meaning"
i don't think 愛 is ever read as わい and not sure if it ever was in the past, [gikun] seems more useful here</upd_detl>
</audit>
<audit time="2024-12-09 11:02:40" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>I think it's from カ+アイ. I'd leave it as-is.</upd_detl>
</audit>
<audit time="2026-05-16 19:47:17" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_diff>@@ -36,0 +37,4 @@
+<r_ele>
+<reb>カワいい</reb>
+<re_inf>&sk;</re_inf>
+</r_ele></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2026-05-16 21:17:24" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
</audit>
<audit time="2026-05-30 17:43:47" stat="A" unap="true">
<upd_name>vive</upd_name>
<upd_detl>heard as それは自分の身がかわいい卑怯者のすることだ！
probably could be glossed better</upd_detl>
<upd_refs>sankoku ⑤失うのがおしい。「自分の首が━」</upd_refs>
<upd_diff>@@ -72,0 +73,9 @@
+<sense>
+<pos>&adj-i;</pos>
+<xref type="see" seq="2865218" xk="我が身可愛さ">我が身可愛さ</xref>
+<misc>&uk;</misc>
+<misc>&id;</misc>
+<s_inf>usu. as 自分の首が～, etc.</s_inf>
+<gloss>precious to oneself</gloss>
+<gloss>dear (to one)</gloss>
+</sense></upd_diff>
</audit>
<audit time="2026-05-31 06:03:51" stat="A">
<upd_uid>jwb</upd_uid>
<upd_name>Jim Breen</upd_name>
<upd_email>...address hidden...</upd_email>
<upd_detl>That xref doesn't seem very useful.</upd_detl>
<upd_diff>@@ -75 +74,0 @@
-<xref type="see" seq="2865218" xk="我が身可愛さ">我が身可愛さ</xref></upd_diff>
</audit>
</history>
</entry>
Notes
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- Cross references marked with an asterisk (*) after the seq# denote a reference to an unapproved entry. These will disappear when the unapproved entry is approved.