General Information

Entries in the dictionaries held in the JMdictDB database are entered and edited using the JMdictDB Edit Language (JEL). It allows one to enter the core information of an entry in three text boxes (Kanji, Readings, Meanings) rather than the dozens of text boxes that would be required if every dictionary field used a separate text box for its entry. The syntax of JEL is similar to EDICT but with modifications to facilitate machine parsing. There is also a Quick Overview of JEL available for getting started.

General Syntax Rules

The Edit Entry Form consists of a number of text boxes for entering information about an entry, but there are three that accept and parse JEL text: the Kanji, Readings, and Meanings boxes.

In the Kanji and Readings boxes, enter the entry's kanji form and readings. If the entry has more than one of either, separate them with semicolons; either ASCII or JIS semicolons can be used. Whitespace (including newlines) will be stripped from the beginning and end of each kanji and reading. If the Japanese is written only in kana, omit the Kanji part.

Enter meanings (aka glosses) in the Meanings box. Glosses are grouped into "senses", i.e. sets of related meanings, and each sense starts with a sense number enclosed in square brackets, e.g. [1]. This is followed by one or more glosses. When there is more than one gloss, they are separated by (ASCII) semicolons. If a gloss contains any semicolon (;) or left bracket ([) characters, they must be escaped with a backslash character (\). Whitespace (including newlines) is stripped from the beginning and end of each gloss. The actual numbers used in sense numbers are not significant: when entered into the database, senses will be ordered starting from 1 in the order they occur regardless of the sense numbers used in the Meanings box. Note that sense numbers are not tags (described below); they must not contain any characters (including whitespace) other than the number and cannot be grouped with other tags.

Tags

Tags provide extra information that applies to individual kanji, readings, senses, and glosses. Tags are enclosed in square brackets: [...]. Any number of tags, separated by commas, can be given inside a single pair of square brackets, and multiple sets of square brackets may be used, for example [n,vs] and [n][vs] will have identical effect. Kanji part and reading tags are given after the kanji or reading they apply to (and before the semicolon that preceedes the following kanji part or reading. Sense tags can occurs before or after any gloss and will apply to the entire sense. Gloss tags may occur before or after the gloss they apply to.

Tags are grouped into different types. For example there is a set of part-of-speech (pos) tags having values like n (noun), v5u (Godan verb), etc., and are used in senses. The tags in the "Kanji info" group provide information about kanji parts and have values like ateji (phonetic reading) and iK (word containing irregular kanji usage). Case is significant in tags; ik is not the same as iK.

See Tag Syntax for a list of tag groups and where each group may be used. See Keyword abbreviations for lists of the actual tag values in each group.

Some tags take arguments (see *note below) and are given in the form, tag_type=tag_value. In some cases the tag may be given multiple arguments separated by semicolons: tag_type=tag_value1;tag_value2;.... Some tags can be be given in the form, tag_type=tag_value, or just tag_value. Note that if the first form is used, multiple values are separated with semicolons (tag_type=tag_value1;tag_value2;...) but in the second form multiple values are separated with commas (tag_value1,tag_value2,...).

When tag values contains any of the ascii characters, <space> : ; , = / [ ], or the JIS characters, <space> ・ ／ ； 、, the tag value should be quoted with double quotes: [note="This is: a quoted text"]. This is commonly needed when creating an xref or restr tag that contains a "dotted" kanji or reading, for example [restr="アジア・太平洋戦争"]. To include a double quote character in quoted text, preceed it with a backslash (\) character.

Other tags, for example "lsrc" which is used to label the source language of a gairaigo, have formats specific to them.

Specifics on tags, their values, and their use, are given in the Kanji, Readings, Meanings, and Tag Syntax sections below.

*Note: Actually, all tags can be given in the form tag_type=tag_value. v5u is exactly equivalent to pos=v5u. The short form is usually more convenient, but the longer form may sometimes be needed to avoid misinterpretations. For example, lit can be the value of a gloss tag (literal gloss) or a language (Lithuanian). Since [lit] will be interpreted as "literal" when used with a gloss, you will need to use [lang=lit] if you want to provide a gloss in Lithuanian.

Edit Form Informational Fields

These boxes provide information about the entry being edited and are not changable. Depending on the JMdictDB configuration, not all of these boxes may be displayed. The same information is displayed in the Entry and Edit Confirmation forms.

Stat

The status of this entry. Every entry has one of three statuses: Active (A), Deleted (D) Rejected (R). Additionally, every entry is either Unapproved (the status code is followed by an asterisk, "*"), or Approved (status code not followed by asterisk.) (abbrs)

Id

The database id number of this entry. Every entry (or more specifically, every version of an entry produced by an edit) has a unique id number in the database. This number is assigned by the system automatically and cannot be manually changed, although the system may change it sometimes.

Seq

The sequence number assigned to the entry. In general, all different versions (edits) of an entry will have the same sequence number. If not explicitly set, a new entry will be assigned an automatically generated sequence number. Only registered editors may explicitly set a sequence number on a new entry or change a sequence number on an existing one. (See the Editor Only section below.)

Src note

Information about the source of this entry. Only registered editors can change this. (See the Editor Only section below.)

Entr note

Information about this entry as a whole. Information pertaining to any of the meanings of this entry should go in sense notes in the appropriate sense(s). Only registered editors can change this. (See the Editor Only section below.)

Edit Form Input Boxes

Corpus

The corpus in which the entry exists or (for new entries) should be entered. (abbrs) In some cases, the corpus value will be selectable when editing an entry; in other cases it will be preset and only registered editors can change it. (See the Editor Only section below.)

Kanji

Enter the kanji form(s) of the word or expression, separated by semicolons (either Western or Japanese semicolons are ok). Kanji information (syntax, abbrs) and frequency (syntax, abbrs) tags, enclosed in square brackets ([]) may optionally follow any kanji (before the semicolon if present.)

• Every kanji form listed must contain at least one kanji or other non-kana character. (In this case, the "sokuon" (ー) vowel extension character is regarded as a kana character.)
• If the word being entered is written only in kana, leave this field blank and enter the kana in the Reading box.
• Kanji forms should be listed in order of "commonness": the most commonly used kanji form first, the most rarely used last.
• Multiple sets of bracketed tags may be given.
• Multiple tags may occur in within a single pair of brackets, separated by commas.
• Order of tags is not significant.
• Conflicting tags (e.g. nf14 and nf19) may not be applied to the same kanji.
• Frequency tags are only processed when submitted by registered editors. If you are not registered, you should should note in the Comments section any freq tags you believe should be applied.

Example: 缶 [ateji,ichi1,news1][nf6] ； 罐 [ateji,oK ]

Readings

Enter the readings/kana forms used for this word, separated by semicolons (either Western or Japanese semicolons are ok.) Reading information tags (syntax, abbrs), frequency tags (syntax, abbrs), or restrictions (syntax) enclosed in square brackets ([]) may optionally follow any reading (before the semicolon if present.

• Readings may not contain any non-kana characters.
• Readings should be listed in order of "commonness": the most commonly used reading first, the most rarely used last.
• Multiple sets of bracketed tags may be given.
• Multiple tags may occur in within a single pair of brackets, separated by commas.
• Order of tags is not significant.
• Conflicting tags (e.g. nf14 and nf19) may not be applied to the same reading.
• Frequency tags are only processed when submitted by registered editors. If you are not registered, you should should note in the Comments section any frequency tags you believe should be applied.
• Use a restriction tag to indicate when a reading is only used with a subset of the kanji forms listed in the Kanji box.
• If multiple kanji forms are used with an "restr" tag, separate them with a semicolon (ASCII or JIS). However if you give multiple restriction kanji forms without an explicit "restr" tag, separate them with commas (ASCII or JIS): じゃがいも[restr=じゃが芋;馬鈴薯] or じゃがいも[じゃが芋,馬鈴薯]
• If a kana form is not associated with any kanji, use a "restr=nokanji" tag or equivalently but more simply, just a "nokanji" tag. (This typically occurs with plant and animal names where the katakana form is not normally associated with the kanji form.)

Examples: のり [gikun,ichi1,news2][nf38] ; ノリ[ichi1,news2,nf38]
じゃがいも [spec1,restr=じゃが芋;馬鈴薯] ； ジャガイモ [nokanji]

Meanings

Enter meanings (glosses), and their associated tags in the Meanings box. Group them into senses, i.e. sets of related meanings.

• Each sense starts with a sense number in brackets, e.g., "[1]".
• Sense numbers are not significant other than to signify the start of a new sense. When the entry is added to the database, senses will be numbered from 1 in the order they occured in the Meanings text box, regardless of the actual sense numbers used.
• Following the sense number are any number of sense tags, glosses and gloss tags, which may be freely intermixed.
• Multiple glosses in a sense are separated by semicolons. Glosses do not need to be enclosed in quotes. even when they contain space characters. Gloss tags (see below) are considered part of the gloss. Example:
  This is gloss 1 [lit]; [fig] This is gloss 2; This is gloss 3
  
• If a gloss contains left bracket ([) or semicolon (;) characters, those characters must be escaped by preceeding them with a backlslash (\). Example:
  This is a single gloss\; even though it contains a semicolon Note that right brackets (]) are not escaped.
• Sense tags are enclosed in square brackets. Multiple tags may occur in within a single pair of brackets, separated by commas. Sense tag apply to the entire sense, no matter where they appear textully in the sense.
• Line breaks are not significant: senses do not have to start on new lines, and glosses and tags may extend over several lines.
• Sense tag values, and specifically part-of-speech tags, are not propagated to following senses. If sense [2] is a noun, you must explicity say so, even though sense [1] was a noun.
• Sense tags are:
  • ant -- An antonym cross-reference (syntax)
  • dial -- Dialect (syntax, abbrs)
  • fld -- Domain (syntax, abbrs)
  • lsrc -- Source word and language (syntax, abbrs)
  • misc -- Misc sense tags (syntax, abbrs)
  • note -- Sense-related notes (syntax)
  • pos -- Grammatical part-of-speech (syntax, abbrs)
  • restr -- Reading and kanji restrictions (syntax). An explicit "restr=" is optional and any untagged kanji or kana string will taken as a kanji or reading restriction respectively.
  • see -- A "see also" cross reference (syntax)
• The syntax of gloss information (or ginf) tags is the same as for sense tags but ginf tags apply only to the gloss they are adjacent to. They may occur before or after the gloss they apply to. There are two type of gloss tags: translation type tags, and gloss language tags. Each gloss can have only one translation tag and one language tag.
• Ginf tranlation tags are:
  • equ -- Equivalent translation (syntax). This is the default if no other translation tag is given.
  • expl -- Explanatory translation (syntax)
  • fig -- Figurative translation (syntax)
  • lit -- Literal translation (syntax)
• Ginf language tags are:
  • lang -- Value can be any of the three-letter language codes from ISO-639-2. This tag indicate the language of the associated gloss. If not given, the default is "eng" (english). Note that if you want to give a Lithuanian ("lit") gloss, you must use [lang=lit] as [lit] will be interpreted as the gloss translation tag, "literal". (abbr)
• When you add a cross reference using a [see=] or [ant=] tag, the cross reference will also appear in the referenced entry under the heading, "References to this sense".

Examples:
[1][n,vs] cherry blossom viewing; flower viewing

Produces results identical to the preceeding example:
[1] cherry blossom viewing [vs];
  flower viewing [n]

[1][exp] anyone can make a mistake
 [lit] even monkeys fall from trees

[1][pn,adj-no][uk,col]
 that person (guy, fellow)
[2][pn][adj-no] that (one)

[1][int,col] Go for it (kiddy talk)
[2] Keep at it
 [see=頑張って]

[1][n] [note="possibly from 八九三"]
  professional gambler or ruffian;
  yakuza (member)

[1][exp] welcome; [fre] bienvenue!
[note="greeting used in shops, etc."]

Delete

Click this checkbox if you wish the entire entry to be deleted. Please enter the case for deletion in the Comments and References boxes. These will be preserved in the stub entry used to record deletions. There is no point in changing the entry content and any such changes are ignored.

References

Enter sources that validate the entry or entry changes being made. This is a free form text field and can include example text using the entry.
Examples: Daijirin, 広辞苑, 新和英大辞典第５版 (often abbreviated to "GG5".)

Comments

Enter any comments you want the editors to read when reviewing this entry. These comments will be added to the historical record of this entry. This is a free form text field.

Name

Your full name. Consistently using the same name will allow to easily search for your submissions later.

Email

Your email address. Required if you want email notification of actions taken that affect your submission. This will not be publically disclosed. Email notification not implemented yet.

Editor-only Input Boxes

The following items will only be visible if you are logged in as an editor.

Action

Dropdown box with the following choices:

• Submit -- Submit the entry as pending, just as a non-logged in sumitter would.
• Approve -- The entry will be approved. The entries that this entry is based on will be deleted, and the current entry will become the active entry.
• Reject -- The current entry will be marked rejected, and all entries it was based on, except the original entry will be deleted. The original entry will remain as the active entry.

Seq

Specify an explicit sequence number for this entry. (Normally this field will be left blank and an edit of an existing entry will keep the same sequence number, a new entry will automatically be assigned the next available sequence number.)

Src Note

Enter a source note. This should provide additional information useful for identifying or locating this entry within the corpus. For example, "page 104" or, "sci.lang.japan MessageId:ltb0jenj$jcd$1@ns.src.ricoh.co.jp" The text should either be self-describing, or use a consistent format and interpretation for all the srcnotes of a particular corpus.

Entr Note

Enter an entry note. This is ad hoc information that applies to the entry as a whole. Information specific to a sense (even if there is only one sense) should go in a sense note.

Groups

Groups that this entry will be assigned to. Enter group names or group Id numbers separated by semi-colons (";") if more than one. Each group name or id number may optionally be followed by a period (".") and an order number. If the same group is given more than once only the last occurance will be used on.

Tag Syntax

Tag group	Tag	Description	Where used	Format	Examples
dial	kwds	Dialect	Senses	[dial=kw] or just [kw]	[ksb] [dial=ksb]
ginf (kwds)	equ	Equivalent translation	Senses (applies to gloss)	[equ] the equivalent text... (1) Since "equ" is the default translation type for glosses, it will rarely need to be specified explicitly. (2) The tag can placed at either the beginning or end of the gloss text.
	expl	Explanatory translation	Senses (applies to gloss)	[expl] the explanatory text... (1) The tag can placed at either the beginning or end of the gloss text.
	fig	Figurative translation	Senses (applies to gloss)	[fig] the figurative text... (1) The tag can placed at either the beginning or end of the gloss text.
	lit	Literal translation	Senses (applies to gloss)	[lit] the literal text...] (1) The tag can placed at either the beginning or end of the gloss text.	[lit] even monkeys fall from trees
fld	kwds	Domain, aka field-of-application tags	Senses	[fld=kw] or just [kw]	[food] [fld=mil]
freq	kwds	Frequency-of-use codes	Kanji, Readings	[freq=kw] or just [kw]	[ichi1] [freq=ichi1] [news1,nf8]
kinf	kwds	Kanji information	Kanji	[kinf=kw] or just [kw]	[ateji] [kinf=ik]
lang	kwds	Language	Senses (applies to gloss)	[xxx] gloss text...] (1) Specifies the language of the associated gloss. "xxx" is a three-letter code from ISO-639-2. See language keywords for a full list. (2) The tag can placed at either the beginning or end of the gloss text. (3) If not given, default is "eng" (english).	[eng] welcome!; [fre] bienvenue!
lsrc	lsrc	Source language and word.	Senses	lsrc=lng/wp:text] (1) "lng" is an optional three-letter language code from ISO-639-2. See language keywords for a full list. If not given, default is "eng" (English). (2) "wp:" optional and is either w: (wasei), p: (partial), or wp: (wasei and partial). A slash character is used to separate the "lng" and "wp" arguments and should not be given unless both arguments are given. The ":" is required. (3) "text" is optional. If given it must be enclosed in quotes (") if it contains spaces, commas, slashes or other special characters. Otherwise quotes are not needed.	[lsrc=por:] [lsrc=ger:Arbeit] [lsrc=eng/w:"eye mate"] [lsrc=eng/w:outerior] [lsrc=ice]
misc	kwds	Miscellaneous sense information	Senses	[misc=kw] or just [kw]	[sl,derog] [misc=uk]
note	note	Ad-hoc sense information.	Senses	[note="the note text..."] (1) The text must be enclosed in quotes (") if it contains spaces or commas. Otherwise quotes are not needed.	[note="misspelling of こんにちは"]
pos	kwds	Part-of-speech information	Senses	[pos=kw] or just [kw]	[n,vs] [pos=n,pos=adj-na]
rinf	kwds	Reading information	Readings	[rinf=kw] or just [kw]	[ok] [rinf=ik]
restr	restr	Reading and sense restrictions.	Readings, Senses	[XX,XX,...] [restr=XX;XX;...] [restr=nokanji] [nokanji] (1) If the tag is in the Reading section, the XX's must be kanji strings occuring in the Kanji section. (2) If the tag is in the Reading section, XX may be "nokanji". When "nokanji", no other XX's may be used on the reading the tag applies to. (3) If the tag is in a Sense, the XX's may be either kana strings that occur in the Reading section, or kanji strings that occur in the Kanji section. (4) Restr tags are not allowed in the Kanji section. (5) Multiple reading or kanji restriction text may follow the "restr=" part; separate them with ASCII or JIS semicolons. (6) The "restr=" part is optional, you can also just put the kanji or reading restriction text in brackets (separated by ASCII or JIS commas). (7) To create a restr tag to a kanji or reading that contains a "・" character, put the kanji or reading inside double quotes.	[惚け、呆け] [restr=惚け；呆け] [惚け][restr=呆け] [nokanji] [restr="アジア・太平洋戦争"]
xref	see, ant	Cross-reference	Senses	[see=SEQ KK・RR[sense-nums]] [ant=SEQ KK・RR[sense-nums]] (1) There are two kinds of cross-reference: See also (a general cross reference) Antonym (2) SEQ is the sequence number of the of the cross reference. KK is the kanji of the target of the cross reference, RR is its reading. sense-nums is the specific sense(s) in the target being referenced. At least one of SEQ, KK, or RR must be given. (3) SEQ may be left out if KK and/or RR are supplied and uniquely identify a single target entry. The kanji (KK・ part) or reading (・RR part) may be left out if the remaining part still uniquely identifies the target entry. (4) If SEQ is given, KK and RR are optional and if given will be used when displaying the xref. If KK and/or RR are not given, a suitable KK/RR pair for display will be selected automatically. (5) sense-num is optional if the target word has only one sense. Otherwise, it must be given. Multiple sense numbers can be given, separated by commas. (6) To make an cross reference to a kanji or reading entry that contains a "・" character, put the kanji or reading in double quotes. (7) When an entry is displayed, it will list cross references in other entries that refer to this one under the heading "References to this sense". Change these by editing the other entry.	[see=涼しい・すずしい[1]] [ant=暑い[1,2]] [see=1006830 その[1]] [see="スポーツ・ファン"]

Keyword abbreviations

Rinf -- reading info
gikun	gikun (meaning) reading	1
go	on-yomi, go	130
ik	word containing irregular kana usage	3
jouyou	approved reading for jouyou kanji	105
kan	on-yomi, kan	129
kanyou	on-yomi, kan\'you	132
kun	kun-yomi	106
name	reading used only in names (nanori)	103
oik	old or irregular kana form	21
ok	out-dated or obsolete kana usage	2
on	on-yomi	128
rad	reading used as name of radical	104
tou	on-yomi, tou	131
uK	word usually written using kanji alone	4
Kinf -- kanji info
ateji	ateji (phonetic) reading	5
iK	word containing irregular kanji usage	1
ik	word containing irregular kana usage	4
io	irregular okurigana usage	2
oK	word containing out-dated kanji	3
Freq -- frequency-of-use metrics The Freq keywords below denote the frequency-of-use scale. They are always followed by a number that gives a value on that scale. The valid numbers for gai, ichi, news, and spec is 1 or 2. For nf it is 1 through 48. For gA it is any number greater than 1. Thus, you can use "ich1" or "ichi2" but not "ichi3", or "nf27" but not "nf49".
gA	Google counts (by Kale Stutzman, 2007-01-14)	6
gai	Common loanwords based on wordfreq file, 1-2	2
ichi	Ranking from Ichimango goi bunruishuu, 1-2.	1
news	Ranking in wordfreq file, 1-2	7
nf	Ranking in wordfreq file, 1-48	5
spec	Ranking assigned by JMdict editors, 1-2	4
Misc -- miscellaneous sense info
abbr	abbreviation	2
aphorism	aphorism (pithy saying)	82
arch	archaism	3
chn	children's language	4
col	colloquialism	5
company	company name	184
derog	derogatory	6
eK	exclusively kanji	7
fam	familiar language	8
fem	female term, language, or name	9
given	given name or forename, gender not specified	189
hon	honorific or respectful (sonkeigo) language	11
hum	humble (kenjougo) language	12
id	idiomatic expression	13
joc	jocular, humorous term	28
m-sl	manga slang	14
male	male term, language, or name	15
obs	obsolete term	17
obsc	obscure term	18
on-mim	onomatopoeic or mimetic word	27
organization	organization name	191
person	full name of a particular person	188
place	place name	182
poet	poetical term	26
pol	polite (teineigo) language	19
product	product name	185
proverb	proverb	81
quote	quotation	83
rare	rare	20
sens	sensitive	25
sl	slang	21
station	railway station	190
surname	family or surname	181
uk	word usually written using kana alone	22
unclass	unclassified name	183
vulg	vulgar expression or word	24
work	work of art, literature, music, etc. name	192
X	rude or X-rated term (not displayed in educational software)	1
yoji	yojijukugo	84
Pos -- part-of-speech info
adj-f	noun or verb acting prenominally	56
adj-i	adjective (keiyoushi)	1
adj-ix	yoi/ii i-adjective	7
adj-kari	kari adjective (archaic)	63
adj-ku	ku adjective (archaic)	64
adj-na	adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyodoshi)	2
adj-nari	archaic/formal form of na-adjective	66
adj-no	nouns which may take the genitive case particle `no'	3
adj-pn	pre-noun adjectival (rentaishi)	4
adj-shiku	shiku adjective (archaic)	65
adj-t	`taru' adjective	5
adv	adverb (fukushi)	6
adv-to	adverb taking the `to' particle	8
aux	auxiliary	9
aux-adj	auxiliary adjective	10
aux-v	auxiliary verb	11
conj	conjunction	12
cop-da	copula	15
ctr	counter	51
exp	Expressions (phrases, clauses, etc.)	13
int	interjection (kandoushi)	14
n	noun (common) (futsuumeishi)	17
n-adv	adverbial noun (fukushitekimeishi)	18
n-pr	proper noun	67
n-pref	noun, used as a prefix	20
n-suf	noun, used as a suffix	19
n-t	noun (temporal) (jisoumeishi)	21
num	numeric	24
pn	pronoun	61
pref	prefix	25
prt	particle	26
suf	suffix	27
unc	unclassified	98
v-unspec	verb unspecified	68
v1	Ichidan verb	28
v1-s	Ichidan verb - kureru special class	29
v2a-s	Nidan verb with 'u' ending (archaic)	59
v2b-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with bu ending (archaic)	81
v2b-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with bu ending (archaic)	93
v2d-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with dzu ending (archaic)	79
v2d-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with dzu ending (archaic)	90
v2g-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with gu ending (archaic)	77
v2g-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with gu ending (archaic)	86
v2h-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with hu/fu ending (archaic)	80
v2h-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with hu/fu ending (archaic)	92
v2k-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with ku ending (archaic)	76
v2k-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with ku ending (archaic)	85
v2m-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with mu ending (archaic)	82
v2m-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with mu ending (archaic)	94
v2n-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with nu ending (archaic)	91
v2r-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with ru ending (archaic)	84
v2r-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with ru ending (archaic)	96
v2s-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with su ending (archaic)	87
v2t-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with tsu ending (archaic)	78
v2t-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with tsu ending (archaic)	89
v2w-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with u ending and we conjugation (archaic)	97
v2y-k	Nidan verb (upper class) with yu ending (archaic)	83
v2y-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with yu ending (archaic)	95
v2z-s	Nidan verb (lower class) with zu ending (archaic)	88
v4b	Yodan verb with bu ending (archaic)	74
v4g	Yodan verb with gu ending (archaic)	70
v4h	Yodan verb with `hu/fu' ending (archaic)	60
v4k	Yodan verb with ku ending (archaic)	69
v4m	Yodan verb with mu ending (archaic)	75
v4n	Yodan verb with nu ending (archaic)	73
v4r	Yodan verb with `ru' ending (archaic)	53
v4s	Yodan verb with su ending (archaic)	71
v4t	Yodan verb with tsu ending (archaic)	72
v5aru	Godan verb - -aru special class	30
v5b	Godan verb with `bu' ending	31
v5g	Godan verb with `gu' ending	32
v5k	Godan verb with `ku' ending	33
v5k-s	Godan verb - Iku/Yuku special class	34
v5m	Godan verb with `mu' ending	35
v5n	Godan verb with `nu' ending	36
v5r	Godan verb with `ru' ending	37
v5r-i	Godan verb with `ru' ending (irregular verb)	38
v5s	Godan verb with `su' ending	39
v5t	Godan verb with `tsu' ending	40
v5u	Godan verb with `u' ending	41
v5u-s	Godan verb with `u' ending (special class)	42
v5uru	Godan verb - Uru old class verb (old form of Eru)	43
vi	intransitive verb	44
vk	Kuru verb - special class	45
vn	irregular nu verb	52
vr	irregular ru verb, plain form ends with -ri	58
vs	noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru	46
vs-c	su verb - precursor to the modern suru	62
vs-i	suru verb - irregular	48
vs-s	suru verb - special class	47
vt	transitive verb	50
vz	Ichidan verb - zuru verb (alternative form of -jiru verbs)	49
Fld -- usage domain
anat	anatomical term	28
archit	architecture term	11
astron	astronomy, etc. term	12
baseb	baseball term	13
biol	biology term	14
bot	botany term	15
Buddh	Buddhist term	1
bus	business term	16
chem	chemistry term	10
comp	computing term	2
econ	economics term	17
engr	engineering term	18
finc	finance term	19
food	food term	3
geol	geology, etc. term	20
geom	geometry term	4
law	law, etc. term	21
ling	linguistics term	5
MA	martial arts term	6
mahj	mahjong term	29
math	mathematics term	7
med	medicine, etc. term	22
mil	military term	8
music	music term	23
physics	physics term	9
Shinto	Shinto term	24
shogi	shogi term	30
sports	sports term	25
sumo	sumo term	26
zool	zoology term	27
Dial -- dialect
hob	Hokkaidou-ben	12
ksb	Kansai-ben	2
ktb	Kantou-ben	3
kyb	Kyoto-ben	4
kyu	Kyuushuu-ben	9
nab	Nagano-ben	11
osb	Osaka-ben	5
rkb	Ryuukyuu-ben	10
std	Tokyo-ben (std)	1
thb	Touhoku-ben	7
tsb	Tosa-ben	6
tsug	Tsugaru-ben	8
Lang -- language These three-letter codes are the same as those defined in ISO-639-2.
abk	Abkhazian	2
ace	Achinese	3
ach	Acoli	4
ada	Adangme	5
ady	Adyghe; Adygei	6
afa	Afro-Asiatic (Other)	7
afh	Afrihili	8
afr	Afrikaans	9
ain	Ainu	10
aka	Akan	11
akk	Akkadian	12
alb	Albanian	13
ale	Aleut	14
alg	Algonquian languages	15
alt	Southern Altai	16
amh	Amharic	17
ang	English, Old (ca.450-1100)	18
anp	Angika	19
apa	Apache languages	20
ara	Arabic	21
arc	Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE); Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)	22
arg	Aragonese	23
arm	Armenian	24
arn	Mapudungun; Mapuche	25
arp	Arapaho	26
art	Artificial (Other)	27
arw	Arawak	28
asm	Assamese	29
ast	Asturian; Bable; Leonese; Asturleonese	30
ath	Athapascan languages	31
aus	Australian languages	32
ava	Avaric	33
ave	Avestan	34
awa	Awadhi	35
aym	Aymara	36
aze	Azerbaijani	37
bad	Banda languages	38
bai	Bamileke languages	39
bak	Bashkir	40
bal	Baluchi	41
bam	Bambara	42
ban	Balinese	43
baq	Basque	44
bas	Basa	45
bat	Baltic (Other)	46
bej	Beja; Bedawiyet	47
bel	Belarusian	48
bem	Bemba	49
ben	Bengali	50
ber	Berber (Other)	51
bho	Bhojpuri	52
bih	Bihari	53
bik	Bikol	54
bin	Bini; Edo	55
bis	Bislama	56
bla	Siksika	57
bnt	Bantu (Other)	58
bos	Bosnian	59
bra	Braj	60
bre	Breton	61
btk	Batak languages	62
bua	Buriat	63
bug	Buginese	64
bul	Bulgarian	65
bur	Burmese	66
byn	Blin; Bilin	67
cad	Caddo	68
cai	Central American Indian (Other)	69
car	Galibi Carib	70
cat	Catalan; Valencian	71
cau	Caucasian (Other)	72
ceb	Cebuano	73
cel	Celtic (Other)	74
cha	Chamorro	75
chb	Chibcha	76
che	Chechen	77
chg	Chagatai	78
chi	Chinese	79
chk	Chuukese	80
chm	Mari	81
chn	Chinook jargon	82
cho	Choctaw	83
chp	Chipewyan; Dene Suline	84
chr	Cherokee	85
chu	Church Slavic; Old Slavonic; Church Slavonic; Old Bulgarian; Old Church Slavonic	86
chv	Chuvash	87
chy	Cheyenne	88
cmc	Chamic languages	89
cop	Coptic	90
cor	Cornish	91
cos	Corsican	92
cpe	Creoles and pidgins, English based (Other)	93
cpf	Creoles and pidgins, French-based (Other)	94
cpp	Creoles and pidgins, Portuguese-based (Other)	95
cre	Cree	96
crh	Crimean Tatar; Crimean Turkish	97
crp	Creoles and pidgins (Other)	98
csb	Kashubian	99
cus	Cushitic (Other)	100
cze	Czech	101
dak	Dakota	102
dan	Danish	103
dar	Dargwa	104
day	Land Dayak languages	105
del	Delaware	106
den	Slave (Athapascan)	107
dgr	Dogrib	108
din	Dinka	109
div	Divehi; Dhivehi; Maldivian	110
doi	Dogri	111
dra	Dravidian (Other)	112
dsb	Lower Sorbian	113
dua	Duala	114
dum	Dutch, Middle (ca.1050-1350)	115
dut	Dutch; Flemish	116
dyu	Dyula	117
dzo	Dzongkha	118
efi	Efik	119
egy	Egyptian (Ancient)	120
eka	Ekajuk	121
elx	Elamite	122
eng	English	1
enm	English, Middle (1100-1500)	124
epo	Esperanto	125
est	Estonian	126
ewe	Ewe	127
ewo	Ewondo	128
fan	Fang	129
fao	Faroese	130
fat	Fanti	131
fij	Fijian	132
fil	Filipino; Pilipino	133
fin	Finnish	134
fiu	Finno-Ugrian (Other)	135
fon	Fon	136
fre	French	137
frm	French, Middle (ca.1400-1600)	138
fro	French, Old (842-ca.1400)	139
frr	Northern Frisian	140
frs	Eastern Frisian	141
fry	Western Frisian	142
ful	Fulah	143
fur	Friulian	144
gaa	Ga	145
gay	Gayo	146
gba	Gbaya	147
gem	Germanic (Other)	148
geo	Georgian	149
ger	German	150
gez	Geez	151
gil	Gilbertese	152
gla	Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic	153
gle	Irish	154
glg	Galician	155
glv	Manx	156
gmh	German, Middle High (ca.1050-1500)	157
goh	German, Old High (ca.750-1050)	158
gon	Gondi	159
gor	Gorontalo	160
got	Gothic	161
grb	Grebo	162
grc	Greek, Ancient (to 1453)	163
gre	Greek, Modern (1453-)	164
grn	Guarani	165
gsw	Swiss German; Alemannic; Alsatian	166
guj	Gujarati	167
gwi	Gwich'in	168
hai	Haida	169
hat	Haitian; Haitian Creole	170
hau	Hausa	171
haw	Hawaiian	172
heb	Hebrew	173
her	Herero	174
hil	Hiligaynon	175
him	Himachali	176
hin	Hindi	177
hit	Hittite	178
hmn	Hmong	179
hmo	Hiri Motu	180
hsb	Upper Sorbian	181
hun	Hungarian	182
hup	Hupa	183
iba	Iban	184
ibo	Igbo	185
ice	Icelandic	186
ido	Ido	187
iii	Sichuan Yi; Nuosu	188
ijo	Ijo languages	189
iku	Inuktitut	190
ile	Interlingue; Occidental	191
ilo	Iloko	192
ina	Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)	193
inc	Indic (Other)	194
ind	Indonesian	195
ine	Indo-European (Other)	196
inh	Ingush	197
ipk	Inupiaq	198
ira	Iranian (Other)	199
iro	Iroquoian languages	200
ita	Italian	201
jav	Javanese	202
jbo	Lojban	203
jpn	Japanese	204
jpr	Judeo-Persian	205
jrb	Judeo-Arabic	206
kaa	Kara-Kalpak	207
kab	Kabyle	208
kac	Kachin; Jingpho	209
kal	Kalaallisut; Greenlandic	210
kam	Kamba	211
kan	Kannada	212
kar	Karen languages	213
kas	Kashmiri	214
kau	Kanuri	215
kaw	Kawi	216
kaz	Kazakh	217
kbd	Kabardian	218
kha	Khasi	219
khi	Khoisan (Other)	220
khm	Central Khmer	221
kho	Khotanese	222
kik	Kikuyu; Gikuyu	223
kin	Kinyarwanda	224
kir	Kirghiz; Kyrgyz	225
kmb	Kimbundu	226
kok	Konkani	227
kom	Komi	228
kon	Kongo	229
kor	Korean	230
kos	Kosraean	231
kpe	Kpelle	232
krc	Karachay-Balkar	233
krl	Karelian	234
kro	Kru languages	235
kru	Kurukh	236
kua	Kuanyama; Kwanyama	237
kum	Kumyk	238
kur	Kurdish	239
kut	Kutenai	240
lad	Ladino	241
lah	Lahnda	242
lam	Lamba	243
lao	Lao	244
lat	Latin	245
lav	Latvian	246
lez	Lezghian	247
lim	Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish	248
lin	Lingala	249
lit	Lithuanian	250
lol	Mongo	251
loz	Lozi	252
ltz	Luxembourgish; Letzeburgesch	253
lua	Luba-Lulua	254
lub	Luba-Katanga	255
lug	Ganda	256
lui	Luiseno	257
lun	Lunda	258
luo	Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)	259
lus	Lushai	260
mac	Macedonian	261
mad	Madurese	262
mag	Magahi	263
mah	Marshallese	264
mai	Maithili	265
mak	Makasar	266
mal	Malayalam	267
man	Mandingo	268
mao	Maori	269
map	Austronesian (Other)	270
mar	Marathi	271
mas	Masai	272
may	Malay	273
mdf	Moksha	274
mdr	Mandar	275
men	Mende	276
mga	Irish, Middle (900-1200)	277
mic	Mi'kmaq; Micmac	278
min	Minangkabau	279
mis	Uncoded languages	280
mkh	Mon-Khmer (Other)	281
mlg	Malagasy	282
mlt	Maltese	283
mnc	Manchu	284
mni	Manipuri	285
mno	Manobo languages	286
moh	Mohawk	287
mol	Moldavian	288
mon	Mongolian	289
mos	Mossi	290
mul	Multiple languages	291
mun	Munda languages	292
mus	Creek	293
mwl	Mirandese	294
mwr	Marwari	295
myn	Mayan languages	296
myv	Erzya	297
nah	Nahuatl languages	298
nai	North American Indian	299
nap	Neapolitan	300
nau	Nauru	301
nav	Navajo; Navaho	302
nbl	Ndebele, South; South Ndebele	303
nde	Ndebele, North; North Ndebele	304
ndo	Ndonga	305
nds	Low German; Low Saxon; German, Low; Saxon, Low	306
nep	Nepali	307
new	Nepal Bhasa; Newari	308
nia	Nias	309
nic	Niger-Kordofanian (Other)	310
niu	Niuean	311
nno	Norwegian Nynorsk; Nynorsk, Norwegian	312
nob	Bokmål, Norwegian; Norwegian Bokmål	313
nog	Nogai	314
non	Norse, Old	315
nor	Norwegian	316
nqo	N'Ko	317
nso	Pedi; Sepedi; Northern Sotho	318
nub	Nubian languages	319
nwc	Classical Newari; Old Newari; Classical Nepal Bhasa	320
nya	Chichewa; Chewa; Nyanja	321
nym	Nyamwezi	322
nyn	Nyankole	323
nyo	Nyoro	324
nzi	Nzima	325
oci	Occitan (post 1500); Provençal	326
oji	Ojibwa	327
ori	Oriya	328
orm	Oromo	329
osa	Osage	330
oss	Ossetian; Ossetic	331
ota	Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928)	332
oto	Otomian languages	333
paa	Papuan (Other)	334
pag	Pangasinan	335
pal	Pahlavi	336
pam	Pampanga; Kapampangan	337
pan	Panjabi; Punjabi	338
pap	Papiamento	339
pau	Palauan	340
peo	Persian, Old (ca.600-400 B.C.)	341
per	Persian	342
phi	Philippine (Other)	343
phn	Phoenician	344
pli	Pali	345
pol	Polish	346
pon	Pohnpeian	347
por	Portuguese	348
pra	Prakrit languages	349
pro	Provençal, Old (to 1500)	350
pus	Pushto; Pashto	351
que	Quechua	353
raj	Rajasthani	354
rap	Rapanui	355
rar	Rarotongan; Cook Islands Maori	356
roa	Romance (Other)	357
roh	Romansh	358
rom	Romany	359
rum	Romanian	360
run	Rundi	361
rup	Aromanian; Arumanian; Macedo-Romanian	362
rus	Russian	363
sad	Sandawe	364
sag	Sango	365
sah	Yakut	366
sai	South American Indian (Other)	367
sal	Salishan languages	368
sam	Samaritan Aramaic	369
san	Sanskrit	370
sas	Sasak	371
sat	Santali	372
scc	Serbian	373
scn	Sicilian	374
sco	Scots	375
scr	Croatian	376
sel	Selkup	377
sem	Semitic (Other)	378
sga	Irish, Old (to 900)	379
sgn	Sign Languages	380
shn	Shan	381
sid	Sidamo	382
sin	Sinhala; Sinhalese	383
sio	Siouan languages	384
sit	Sino-Tibetan (Other)	385
sla	Slavic (Other)	386
slo	Slovak	387
slv	Slovenian	388
sma	Southern Sami	389
sme	Northern Sami	390
smi	Sami languages (Other)	391
smj	Lule Sami	392
smn	Inari Sami	393
smo	Samoan	394
sms	Skolt Sami	395
sna	Shona	396
snd	Sindhi	397
snk	Soninke	398
sog	Sogdian	399
som	Somali	400
son	Songhai languages	401
sot	Sotho, Southern	402
spa	Spanish; Castilian	403
srd	Sardinian	404
srn	Sranan Tongo	405
srr	Serer	406
ssa	Nilo-Saharan (Other)	407
ssw	Swati	408
suk	Sukuma	409
sun	Sundanese	410
sus	Susu	411
sux	Sumerian	412
swa	Swahili	413
swe	Swedish	414
syc	Classical Syriac	415
syr	Syriac	416
tah	Tahitian	417
tai	Tai (Other)	418
tam	Tamil	419
tat	Tatar	420
tel	Telugu	421
tem	Timne	422
ter	Tereno	423
tet	Tetum	424
tgk	Tajik	425
tgl	Tagalog	426
tha	Thai	427
tib	Tibetan	428
tig	Tigre	429
tir	Tigrinya	430
tiv	Tiv	431
tkl	Tokelau	432
tlh	Klingon; tlhIngan-Hol	433
tli	Tlingit	434
tmh	Tamashek	435
tog	Tonga (Nyasa)	436
ton	Tonga (Tonga Islands)	437
tpi	Tok Pisin	438
tsi	Tsimshian	439
tsn	Tswana	440
tso	Tsonga	441
tuk	Turkmen	442
tum	Tumbuka	443
tup	Tupi languages	444
tur	Turkish	445
tut	Altaic (Other)	446
tvl	Tuvalu	447
twi	Twi	448
tyv	Tuvinian	449
udm	Udmurt	450
uga	Ugaritic	451
uig	Uighur; Uyghur	452
ukr	Ukrainian	453
umb	Umbundu	454
und	Undetermined	455
urd	Urdu	456
uzb	Uzbek	457
vai	Vai	458
ven	Venda	459
vie	Vietnamese	460
vol	Volapük	461
vot	Votic	462
wak	Wakashan languages	463
wal	Walamo	464
war	Waray	465
was	Washo	466
wel	Welsh	467
wen	Sorbian languages	468
wln	Walloon	469
wol	Wolof	470
xal	Kalmyk; Oirat	471
xho	Xhosa	472
yao	Yao	473
yap	Yapese	474
yid	Yiddish	475
yor	Yoruba	476
ypk	Yupik languages	477
zap	Zapotec	478
zbl	Blissymbols; Blissymbolics; Bliss	479
zen	Zenaga	480
zha	Zhuang; Chuang	481
znd	Zande languages	482
zul	Zulu	483
zun	Zuni	484
zxx	No linguistic content	485
zza	Zaza; Dimili; Dimli; Kirdki; Kirmanjki; Zazaki	486
Ginf -- gloss info
equ	equivalent	1
expl	explanatory	4
fig	figuratively	3
lit	literaly	2
Src -- corpus info
jmdict		1
jmnedict		2
test	Corpus for testing and experimentation	99
Stat -- entry status
A	Active	2
D	Deleted	4
R	Rejected	6
Xref -- cross-reference types Note that only "ant" and "see" are currently used in JMdict.
ant	Antonym	2
cf	C.f.	4
ex	Usage example	5
kvar	Kanji variant	8
pref	Preferred	7
see	See also	3
syn	Synonym	1
uses	Uses	6